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the CCNCO considers this is an appropriate basis for allocating shared costs.
The CCNCO therefore finds that the allocation of costs within Employment National to OzJobs is based on a methodology that does not understate the costs incurred by OzJobs or artificially transfer some of those costs to other areas of Employment National.
2.3 Tax, debt and regulatory neutrality
Tax neutrality
The most significant tax for this industry activity is State or Territory payroll tax — a specific target of the complaint levelled against OzJobs. Detailed internal documentation supplied to the CCNCO by Employment National on OzJobs’ payroll tax liabilities and payments for each State and Territory confirmed that payroll tax applies to OzJobs and provided evidence that the tax is paid in accordance with the appropriate rates levied in each of those jurisdictions. Information provided to the CCNCO from the internal review of compliance with Government policy more generally separately confirmed that payroll tax is paid for all staff, including those engaged in the OzJobs division.
As a result of information provided to it, the CCNCO is satisfied that OzJobs is subject to and is paying payroll taxes on a comparable basis to its private sector competitors. In this regard, OzJobs is fully compliant with its competitive neutrality obligations.
Information provided by Employment National to a Department of Finance and Administration review on the implementation of competitive neutrality (a copy of which was made available to the CCNCO) provided confirmation of payments by Employment National for other State and local government taxes such as stamp duty, land tax and council rates, in addition to payroll tax.
With respect to Commonwealth taxes, OzJobs — as part of a Government Business Enterprise — is fully subject to fringe benefits tax and, following the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax, is subject to the same commodity tax regime as its private sector competitors. In addition, OzJobs (as part of Employment National) is subject to company tax on its earnings, and in this regard is treated no differently from its private sector competitors.
The CCNCO found no evidence that the business activities of OzJobs were exempt from Commonwealth, State/Territory and Local Government taxes applicable to equivalent private sector businesses, or that those taxes were not being paid or otherwise accounted for in its cost base. Accordingly, OzJobs’ operations in this regard are fully consistent with competitive neutrality policy.
Debt neutrality
Information provided by Employment National to the CCNCO, and separate information it provided to the Commonwealth Shareholder Advisory Unit within Department of Finance and Administration and viewed by the CCNCO, indicates that for the financial year 2000-01, Employment National (including OzJobs) did not have any interest bearing debt. For OzJobs, this remains the case for the financial year 2002-02. There is thus no issue about whether it currently enjoys any commercial advantage in this regard as a result of its Commonwealth Government ownership. However, if it were to borrow from the Commonwealth, the Department of Finance and Administration has advised the CCNCO that any funds so borrowed would attract a charge which would reflect commercial borrowing costs.
In addition, Employment National’s credit terms for suppliers are negotiated on commercial terms and are subject to Commonwealth Procurement Guidelines which require maximum payment terms ‘not exceeding 30 days’. This payment cycle requirement may be more onerous than that commonly experienced by OzJobs’ private sector competitors.
Accordingly, the CCNCO has found that the operations of OzJobs are not in breach of the debt neutrality provisions of competitive neutrality.
Regulatory neutrality
The regulatory environment facing the OzJobs division within Employment National is the same as that facing OzJobs’ private sector competitors. Accordingly OzJobs has no advantages from its Government ownership in this regard and, in the CCNCO’s view, is being conducted in a manner consistent with its competitive neutrality obligations.
2.4 Other competitive neutrality adjustments
Discussions with the complainant also raised the prospect that OzJobs may enjoy a commercial advantage relative to its private sector competitors in respect of the cost of insurance for public liability and workers compensation.
With respect to public liability insurance, Employment National is a public non-financial trading company and, as such, is excluded from insuring under the Commonwealth Government’s Comcover scheme. Employment National (and OzJobs) selects the insurer for its public liability from those on offer in the general marketplace, and thus the premiums it pays are determined on a competitive basis.
With respect to workers compensation insurance, Employment National as a Commonwealth Government business activity can only have its workers compensation liabilities insured through the Commonwealth Government-owned Comcare Australia. As OzJobs’ private sector competitors do not have access to that scheme, this arrangement may represent a source of competitive advantage to OzJobs.
However, in determining the cost of workers compensation insurance for the purpose of pricing its activities, OzJobs had an independent insurance broker determine the premium it would face if it sought insurance outside Comcare — having regard to the nature of the business it was engaged in, the occupation mix of its placement activities, its volume of work and the jurisdictions in which it operated. This market testing determined an insurance premium for OzJobs that was higher than that charged by Comcare.
To ensure competitive neutrality in the light of this difference, OzJobs has added a notional increase to its cost base to reflect these higher workers compensation premiums rather than using those actually applying to it. These higher costs are in turn embodied in the pricing arrangements of OzJobs which are set to cover all attributable costs (including competitive neutrality adjustments where appropriate) and to deliver a commercial rate of return.
Accordingly, the CCNCO finds that OzJobs’ accounting for workers compensation insurance costs satisfies its obligations under competitive neutrality policy.
2.5 Commercial rate of return
Competitive neutrality policy requires that publicly owned businesses should make a commercial rate of return on their assets over a reasonable period of time.
OzJobs is not, however, a separate business entity in its own right. Rather, it is part of a broader commercial entity (Employment National). The competitive neutrality policy requirement that a business activity should earn a commercial rate of return over a reasonable period of time applies only to the total activities of the business. It does not mean that each separate part of a business is required to deliver a commercial rate of return.
However, in view of the concern by the complainant that OzJobs is not profitable in its own right (and is being subsidised by other areas of Employment National), the CCNCO sought information on the profitability of the OzJobs division within Employment National to determine if OzJobs was operating in a manner consistent with competitive neutrality principles. (The issue of whether OzJobs is being
subsidised by other areas of Employment National is examined in section 2.2. In that section, the CCNCO found full cost attribution was being applied and, accordingly, that other areas are not cross-subsidising OzJobs by artificially lowering its cost structure).
Information from the internal review of Employment National’s operations indicate that OzJobs makes a positive financial return, but that those returns are not yet equivalent to a satisfactory commercial rate of return. (In this regard, satisfactory is considered to be equivalent to the long term bond rate plus a margin reflecting the additional risk associated with the business).
In previous publications (CCNCO 1998, 2000) the CCNCO has noted that the commercial rate of return requirement is not a single year requirement, but rather is an average that should be achieved over a reasonable period. Failure to earn a commercial rate of return in any particular year, or even over several years during the establishment phase of a business, may not necessarily constitute a breach of competitive neutrality.
The CCNCO is mindful that OzJobs is still in the establishment phase, having been in operation for just over 12 months, and that this period coincided with a downturn in the recruitment market coupled with intense competition for market share. Moreover, information from the complainant and OzJobs indicates that the rate of return experienced by many private labour hire and recruitment agencies and by OzJobs over the previous 12 months is broadly similar.
Accordingly, the CCNCO considers the current rate of return performance of OzJobs does not constitute a breach of competitive neutrality principles.
2.6 Findings
As a result of its investigations, the CCNCO finds that OzJobs is currently operating in a manner consistent with its obligations under competitive neutrality policy and no action is required with respect to the competitive neutrality complaint lodged against it.
CCNCO (Commonwealth Competitive Neutrality Complaints Office) 1998, *Rate of Return Issues*, CCNCO Research Paper, Productivity Commission, Canberra, October.
—— 2000, National Rail Corporation Limited, Investigation no. 3, AusInfo, Canberra.
CoA (Commonwealth of Australia) 1996, *Commonwealth Competitive Neutrality Policy Statement*, AGPS, Canberra, June.
EN (Employment National) 2001a, *Employment National Limited Annual Report 2001*.
—— 2001b, *Independent Review of Job Network: Submission by Employment National*, submission no. 28 to the Productivity Commission’s Independent Review of Job Network.
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theoretically possible increase based on the well-defined properties of RuBisCO (Fig. 3). At 25°C, an increase in [CO\textsubscript{2}] to 550 ppm should increase light-saturated photosynthesis by 36%. The average increase observed for C\textsubscript{3} crops in FACE was 20% for the daily integral of photosynthetic CO\textsubscript{2} uptake, 17% for total biomass, and just 13% for yield (Fig. 3). This suggests that a series of feedbacks operate in the field to constrain realization of the potential benefits of elevated [CO\textsubscript{2}]. Only with a thorough high-priority R&D effort might we overcome these feedbacks and achieve the potential gains in food supply.
The FACE experiments clearly show that much lower CO\textsubscript{2} fertilization factors should be used in model projections of future yields; however, the present experiments are limited in the range of growing conditions that they cover. Scientists have not investigated the interactive effects of simultaneous change in [CO\textsubscript{2}], [O\textsubscript{3}], temperature, and soil moisture. Technological advances suggest that large-scale open-air facilities to investigate these interactions over controlled gradients of variation are now possible (26). Although we have projected results to 2050, this may be too far in the future to spur commercial R&D, but it must not be seen as too distant to discourage R&D in the public sector, given the long lead times that may be needed to avoid global food shortage.
References and Notes
1. G. Hogenboom \textit{et al.}, in \textit{Climate Change and Agriculture: Analysis of Potential International Impacts}. ASA Special Publication no. 59 (American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1995), pp. 51–75.
2. M. Parry, C. Rosenzweig, M. Livermore, \textit{Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B} \textbf{360}, 2125 (2005).
3. R. M. Peart, J. W. Jones, R. B. Curry, K. J. Boote, L. H. Allen, in \textit{The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States}, Appendix C, Report to Congress, J. B. Smith, D. A. Tirpak, Eds. (EPA-230-05-89-053, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1989), pp. 2–54.
4. C. O. Stockle, J. R. Williams, N. J. Rosenberg, C. A. Jones, \textit{Agric. Syst.} \textbf{38}, 225 (1992).
5. H. Gitay, S. Brown, W. Easterling, B. Jallow, in \textit{Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability}, J. J. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. A. Leary, D. J. Dokken, K. S. White, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001), pp. 237–342.
6. M. Parry, C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, G. Fischer, M. Livermore, \textit{Global Environ. Change} \textbf{9}, 551 (1999).
7. M. L. Parry, C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, M. Livermore, G. Fischer, \textit{Global Environ. Change} \textbf{14}, 53 (2004).
8. J. T. Houghton \textit{et al.}, \textit{Eds., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change} (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001).
9. S. P. Long, E. A. Ainsworth, A. Rogers, D. R. Ort, \textit{Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.} \textbf{55}, 591 (2004).
10. S. von Caemmerer, R. T. Furbank, \textit{Photosynth. Res.} \textbf{77}, 191 (2003).
11. R. M. Adams \textit{et al.}, \textit{Nature} \textbf{345}, 219 (1990).
12. C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, in \textit{Understanding Options for Agricultural Production}, G. Y. Tsuji, G. Hoogenboom, P. K. Thornton, Eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1998), pp. 267–292.
13. R. A. Brown, N. J. Rosenberg, \textit{Clim. Change} \textbf{41}, 73 (1999).
14. R. C. Izaurralde, N. J. Rosenberg, R. A. Brown, A. M. Thomson, \textit{Agric. For. Meteorol.} \textbf{117}, 97 (2003).
15. A. M. Thomson, R. A. Brown, N. J. Rosenberg, R. C. Izaurralde, V. Benson, \textit{Clim. Change} \textbf{69}, 43 (2005).
16. L. H. Allen \textit{et al.}, \textit{Global Biogeochem. Cycles} \textbf{1}, 1 (1987).
17. J. D. Cure, B. Accock, \textit{Agric. For. Meteorol.} \textbf{38}, 127 (1986).
18. B. A. Kimball, \textit{Agron. J.} \textbf{75}, 779 (1983).
19. A. Anand \textit{et al.}, \textit{J. Exp. Bot.} \textbf{54}, 1101 (2003).
20. B. Black, \textit{Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem.} \textbf{228}, U84 (2004).
21. E. A. Ainsworth \textit{et al.}, \textit{Global Change Biol.} \textbf{8}, 695 (2002).
22. D. Whitehead \textit{et al.}, \textit{J. Biogeogr.} \textbf{22}, 307 (1995).
23. A. R. McLeod, S. P. Long, \textit{Adv. Ecol. Res.} \textbf{28}, 1 (1999).
24. F. Miglietta, M. Lanini, M. Bindl, V. Magliulo, \textit{Global Change Biol.} \textbf{3}, 417 (1997).
25. F. W. Lipfert, Y. Alexander, G. R. Hendrey, K. F. Lewin, J. Nagy, \textit{Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.} \textbf{11}, 143 (1992).
26. J. Nösberger \textit{et al.}, Eds. \textit{Managed Ecosystems and CO\textsubscript{2}: Case Studies, Processes, and Perspectives, Ecological Studies}, vol. 187 (Springer, Berlin, 2006).
27. M. R. Shaw \textit{et al.}, \textit{Science} \textbf{298}, 1987 (2002).
28. E. A. Ainsworth, S. P. Long, \textit{New Phytol.} \textbf{165}, 351 (2005).
29. A. D. B. Leakey, C. J. Bernacchi, F. G. Dohleman, D. R. Ort, S. P. Long, \textit{Global Change Biol.} \textbf{10}, 951 (2004).
30. A. D. B. Leakey \textit{et al.}, \textit{Plant Physiol.} \textbf{140}, 779 (2006).
31. G. W. Wall \textit{et al.}, \textit{New Phytol.} \textbf{152}, 231 (2001).
32. M. J. Ottman \textit{et al.}, \textit{New Phytol.} \textbf{150}, 261 (2001).
33. M. R. Ashmore, in \textit{Air Pollution and Plant Life}, J. N. Bell, M. Treshow, Eds. (Wiley, New York, 2002), pp. 89–118.
34. P. B. Morgan, T. A. Mies, G. A. Bollore, R. L. Nelson, S. P. Long, \textit{New Phytol.} \textbf{170}, 333 (2006).
35. S. P. Long, E. A. Ainsworth, A. D. B. Leakey, P. B. Morgan, \textit{Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B} \textbf{360}, 2011 (2005).
36. J. S. Amthor, \textit{Field Crops Res.} \textbf{73}, 1 (2001).
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and both afterslip and aftershocks have the same functional dependence on time. Although temperature might be a key factor controlling regional upper and lower limits to seismogenic patches and down-dip variations of frictional properties, other factors must be called upon to explain the long-lived along-strike variations of the mode of slip seen here and in other subduction zones (12, 13).
References and Notes
1. S. E. Barrientos, G. Plafker, E. Lorca, *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **19**, 701 (1992).
2. S. C. Cohen, *Adv. Geophys.* **41**, 134 (1999).
3. C. Zweck, J. T. Freymueller, S. C. Cohen, *J. Geophys. Res.* **107**, 10.1029/2001JB000409 (2002).
4. J. F. Pacheco, L. R. Sykes, C. H. Scholz, *J. Geophys. Res.* **98**, 14133 (1993).
5. C. H. Scholz, *Nature* **391**, 37 (1998).
6. R. D. Hyndman, M. Yamano, D. A. Oleskevich, *Island Arc* **6**, 244 (1997).
7. D. A. Oleskevich, R. D. Hyndman, K. Wang, *J. Geophys. Res.* **104**, 14965 (1999).
8. S. M. Peacock, R. D. Hyndman, *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **26**, 2517 (1999).
9. T.-R. A. Song, M. Simons, *Science* **301**, 630 (2003).
10. R. E. Wells, R. J. Blakely, Y. Sugiyama, D. W. Sholl, P. A. Dinterman, *J. Geophys. Res.* **108**, 10.1029/2002JB002072 (2003).
11. Y. Yananaka, M. Kikuchi, *J. Geophys. Res.* **109**, 10.1029/2003JB002683 (2004).
12. M. E. Pritchard, M. Simons, *J. Geophys. Res.*, in press.
13. S. Miyazaki, P. Segall, J. Fukuda, T. Kato, *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **31**, 10.1029/2003GL019410 (2004).
14. T. Lay et al., *Science* **308**, 1127 (2005).
15. C. Subarya et al., *Nature* **440**, 46 (2006).
16. Y. Bock et al., *J. Geophys. Res.* **108**, 10.1029/2001JB000324 (2003).
17. K. Sieh, D. Natawidjaja, *J. Geophys. Res.* **105**, 28295 (2000).
18. J. F. Gorrich et al., *J. Geophys. Res.* **105**, 28327 (2000).
19. D. H. Natawidjaja et al., *J. Geophys. Res.* **109**, B04306 (2004).
20. K. R. Newcomb, W. R. McCann, *J. Geophys. Res.* **92**, 421 (1987).
21. Data are available at the Sumatran Plate Boundary Project site (www.tectonics.caltech.edu/sumatral).
22. K. Sieh, S. N. Ward, D. Natawidjaja, B. W. Suwargadi, *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **26**, 3141 (1999).
23. See supporting material on Science Online.
24. R. W. Briggs et al., *Science* **311**, 1897 (2006).
25. E. R. Engdahl, A. Villasenor, H. R. DeShon, *Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.*, in press.
26. O. Konca et al., *Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.*, in press.
27. J. J. McGuire, P. Segall, *Geophys. J. Int.* **155**, 778 (2003).
28. P. Segall, M. Matthews, *J. Geophys. Res.* **102**, 22391 (1997).
29. The fit of the model to the GPS time series is not ideal for a short period immediately after the main shock (fig. S4) because the EMF underestimates the surface displacements.
30. L. Prawirodirjo et al., *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **24**, 2601 (1997).
31. M. Simoes, J. P. Avouac, R. Cattin, P. Henry, *J. Geophys. Res.* **109**, 10.1029/2003JB002958 (2004).
32. T. J. Fitch, *J. Geophys. Res.* **77**, 4432 (1972).
33. R. McCaffrey, *Geology* **19**, 881 (1991).
Spin-Wave Lifetimes Throughout the Brillouin Zone
S. P. Bayrakci,1,* T. Keller,1,2 K. Habicht,3 B. Keimer1
We used a neutron spin-echo method with microelectron-volt resolution to determine the lifetimes of spin waves in the prototypical antiferromagnet MnF$_2$ over the entire Brillouin zone. A theory based on the interaction of spin waves (magnons) with longitudinal spin fluctuations provides an excellent, parameter-free description of the data, except at the lowest momenta and temperatures. This is surprising, given the prominence of alternative theories based on magnon-magnon interactions in the literature. The results and technique open up a new avenue for the investigation of fundamental concepts in magnetism. The technique also allows measurement of the lifetimes of other elementary excitations, such as lattice vibrations, throughout the Brillouin zone.
The concept of elementary excitations is one of the basic pillars of the theory of solids. In the low-temperature, long-wavelength limit, such excitations do not interact and have an infinite lifetime. For nonzero temperatures and momenta, the lifetimes of elementary excitations are generally limited by collisions with other excitations, with important consequences for the macroscopic properties of solids. For instance, the thermal expansion of solids can be understood as a consequence of collisions between lattice vibrations (phonons). Because of their comparatively simple Hamiltonians, magnetically ordered states are excellent testing grounds for theories of elementary excitations and their interactions. Nevertheless, the damping of spin waves in antiferromagnets has remained an open problem for four decades. Theoretical calculations of magnon lifetimes have been carried out since the 1960s, with intensive development occurring on several fronts in the early 1970s. However, these activities ground to a halt by the mid-1970s due to the lack of appropriate experimental data, namely, from momentum-resolved measurements with sufficient energy resolution. The only low-temperature data available were taken with momentum $q \approx 0$, in antiferromagnetic resonance (AFMR) and parallel pumping measurements (1, 2). Because of the limited energy resolution, momentum-resolved data from neutron spectroscopy (3), by contrast, were confined to the critical regime extremely close to the Néel temperature ($T_N$), where most theories do not apply. Until recently, no other experimental techniques were available that permitted high-resolution measurements of excitation lifetimes at low temperatures over the whole Brillouin zone. We report on a neutron spectroscopy method with $\mu$eV resolution that is used to measure spin-wave (magnon) lifetimes in the prototypical antiferromagnet MnF$_2$ over the temperature range 0.04 to 0.6 $T_N$. The results subject long-standing theoretical predictions to a first experimental test and hold promise as a probe of elementary excitations in quantum systems.
Fig. 1. (A) A diagram of the spectrometer TRISP at the FRM-II. G denotes the polarizing guide and AP the transmission polarizer; M and A are the monochromator and analyzer, as in TAS. S is the sample and D the detector; VS indicates the velocity selector. The resonance coil pairs ($C_1$ and $C_2$) are shown in red, and the mu-metal shielding boxes that enclose them in gray. The blue ray represents the path of the neutrons through the spectrometer, from left to right in the diagram. (B) The crystal and magnetic structure of MnF$_2$. The gray (smaller) spheres represent Mn$^{2+}$ ions and the green (larger) spheres the F$^-$ ions. The arrows indicate the relative directions of the Mn$^{2+}$ spins on the respective sublattices. (C) The magnon dispersion along the $q_c$ direction at three selected temperatures at and below 40 K. The data were taken on TRISP during the course of the linewidth measurements. The curves show the results of fits based on the same spin-wave result used by Okazaki et al. (8), in which the anisotropy is expressed by a single-ion form and the interactions of up to third-nearest neighbors are taken into account.
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QUASAR INDIA LIMITED
Policy on Preservation of Documents
POLICY ON PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS
1. PREAMBLE:
Regulation 9 of Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 ["Regulations"] requires every listed company to have a policy on Preservation of Documents / records maintained by the Company either in Physical Mode or Electronic Mode.
2. SCOPE:
This policy shall govern the maintenance and preservation of documents as per applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
3. OBJECTIVE OF THE POLICY
The main objective of this policy is to ensure that all the statutory documents are preserved in compliance with the Regulations and as per Policy framed in compliance with the Regulations and to ensure that the records no longer needed or which are of no value are discarded after following due process for the same.
The major objectives of the policy are:
- To identify statutory records to be preserved.
- To identify records to be maintained either for a period of eight years or permanently.
- To decide the mode of preserving the documents, whether in physical form or in electronic form.
- To decide the procedure to destroy the documents after eight years or other applicable period,
- To help employees understanding their obligations in retaining and preserving the documents and records.
4. DEFINITIONS:
“Act” means the Companies Act, 2013, Rules framed there under and any amendments thereto.
“Board of Directors” or “Board” means the collective body of the Directors of the Company.
“Company”, “This Company”, wherever occur in the policy shall mean “Quasar India Limited”.
“Current” means running matter or whatever is at present in course of passage.
“Electronic Form” means any contemporaneous electronic device such as computer, laptop, compact disc, Floppy disc, space on electronic cloud, or any other form of storage and retrieval device, considered feasible, whether the same is in possession or control of the Company or otherwise the Company has control over access to it.
“Maintenance” means keeping documents, either physically or in electronic form.
“Policy” or “This Policy” means, “Policy on Preservation of Documents”.
“Preservation” means to keep the documents preventing them from being altered, damaged or destroyed.
“Register” means a register maintained under the Companies Act, 2013 or the SEBI Act.
“Regulations” means Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 and any amendments thereto.
5. INTERPRETATION:
Terms that have not been defined in this policy shall have the same meaning assigned to them in the Companies Act, 2013, and / or Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015.
6. GUIDELINES:
Regulation 9 of Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, provides that the listed entity shall have a policy for preservation of documents, approved by its Board of Directors, classifying them in at least two categories as follows –
a. Documents whose preservation shall be permanent in nature;
b. Documents with preservation period of not less than eight years after completion of the relevant transactions.
Accordingly, the company has classified the preservation of documents to be done in the following manner:
a. Documents that need to be preserved and retained permanently;
b. Documents that need to be preserved and retained for a period of 8 years as specified under the Companies Act, 2013 or Regulations;
c. Documents that need to be preserved and retained for such period as prescribed under any statute or regulation as applicable to the Company;
d. Where there is no such requirement as per applicable law, then for such period as the document pertains to a matter which is “Current”.
An indicative list of the documents and the time-frame of their preservation is provided in Annexure – A.
7. MODES OF PRESERVATION:
The Documents may be preserved in
a. Physical form; or
b. Electronic Form
The official of the Company who is required to preserve the document shall be Authorised Person who is generally expected to observe the compliance of statutory requirements as per applicable law.
The preservation of documents should be such as to ensure that there is no tampering, alteration, destruction or anything which endangers the content, authenticity, utility or accessibility of the documents.
The preserved documents must be accessible at all reasonable times. Access may be controlled by the concerned Authorised Person with preservation, so as to ensure integrity of the Documents and to prohibit unauthorized access.
- **Destruction of documents:**
The documents of the Company which are no longer required as per the time schedule prescribed in the *Annexure A* may be destroyed. The concerned officer may direct employees in charge from time to time to destroy the documents which are no longer required as per the documents Preservation Schedule given under *Annexure A*. The details of the documents destroyed by the Company shall be recorded in the Register for Disposal of Records to be kept by Employees who are disposing of the documents in the format prescribed at *Annexure B*. The entries in the register shall be authenticated by the Authorised Person.
8. **POLICY REVIEW:**
This policy shall be reviewed from time to time so that the policy remains compliant with applicable legal requirements. The Company Secretary will keep the policy updated as per applicable statutory guidelines.
9. **AMENDMENT**
The Board shall have power to amend any of the provisions of this Policy, substitute any of the provisions with a new provision or replace this policy entirely with a new Policy according to subsequent modification(s) / amendment(s) to Regulations.
ANNEXURE – A
Indicative List
A. PERMANENT PRESERVATION:
a) Common Seal,
b) Minutes books of Board, General Meetings and Committee Meetings,
c) Statutory Registers,
d) License and Permissions,
e) Statutory Forms and disclosures except for routine compliance,
f) Scrutinizers’ Report,
g) Register of Members and
h) Index of Members.
B. TEMPORARY PRESERVATION UPTO 8 YEARS:
a) Annual Returns,
b) Board Agenda and supporting documents,
c) Attendance Register,
d) Office copies of Notice of General Meeting and related papers,
e) Office copies of Notice of Board Meeting / Committee Meeting, Notes on Agenda and other related papers,
f) All notices pertaining to disclosure of interest of directors,
g) Instrument creating a charge or modification,
h) Books of accounts, financial statements etc. and
i) Register of debenture holders or any other security holders.
C. OTHERS:
As per applicable law.
Specimen format of the register of documents disposed-off / destroyed
| PARTICULARS OF DOCUMENT ALONG WITH PROVISION OF LAW | DATE AND MODE OF DESTRUCTION | INITIALS OF THE AUTHORISED PERSON |
|---------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------------------------|
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Ysgol- y- Graig Primary School
HEALTH & SAFETY POLICY
Opening Eyes, Developing Minds, Changing Lives
The following is a list of the most common types of software that can be used to create and edit digital images:
1. Adobe Photoshop: This is one of the most popular image editing programs, and it offers a wide range of tools for manipulating and enhancing images.
2. GIMP: This is a free and open-source image editing program that offers many of the same features as Photoshop.
3. Paint.NET: This is another free and open-source image editing program that is designed to be easy to use and has a user-friendly interface.
4. CorelDRAW Graphics Suite: This is a professional-grade image editing program that is often used by graphic designers and illustrators.
5. Microsoft Paint: This is a basic image editing program that comes pre-installed on Windows computers.
6. Canva: This is a web-based image editing program that is designed to be easy to use and has a wide range of templates and design elements available.
7. Pixlr: This is a free and open-source image editing program that is designed to be easy to use and has a user-friendly interface.
8. Inkscape: This is a free and open-source vector graphics editor that is often used for creating illustrations and logos.
9. Sketch: This is a professional-grade vector graphics editor that is designed to be easy to use and has a wide range of tools for creating complex designs.
10. Affinity Photo: This is a professional-grade image editing program that is designed to be easy to use and has a wide range of tools for manipulating and enhancing images.
HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY STATEMENT
Ysgol-Y-Graig Primary School
Our statement of general policy is as follows:
- To promote an effective safety culture throughout the school
- To maintain safe and healthy place of work for employees with safe access and egress
- To ensure that pupils and other non employees e.g. parents, visitors etc., are not exposed to any risk to their health and safety
- To provide adequate control of the health and safety risks arising from school activities, including educational off-site visits
- To consult with our employees on matters affecting their health and safety
- To provide and safe plant and equipment
- To ensure safe use, handling and storage of substances i.e. chemicals
- To provide information, instruction, training and supervision for employees
- To ensure all employees are ‘competent’ to carry out their activities
- To provide adequate welfare facilities for employees and pupils
- To monitor the standards of health and safety performance and ensure continuous improvement in the management of health and safety
- To review this policy annually and to revise it as necessary
SIGNED........................................DATE.........................
(Chair of Governors)
REVIEWED........................................SIGNED.........................
This policy has been brought to the attention of all employees and is kept readily available for employees in the staff room.
RESPONSIBILITIES
DUTIES OF THE HEAD TEACHER
The Head Teacher is responsible for:
- Taking the lead in the promotion of an effective health and safety culture
- The overall maintenance and development of safe working practices and conditions for all employees, pupils and other non employees on site
- Ensuring that the requirements of all relevant legislation, codes of practice and Authority guidelines are met at all times
- Ensuring safe working conditions and safe working practices are provided for the health, safety and welfare of staff, pupils and others
- Consulting with employees, and safety representatives, on health and safety issues
- Ensuring effective means of communication with staff on health, safety and welfare issues
- Ensuring that risk assessments are undertaken and reviewed annually (or sooner where appropriate)
- Identify the training needs of employees and ensure that they are ‘competent’ to carry out their activities
- Ensuring that arrangements are made for defects in the premises, its plant, equipment or facilities are reported and made safe.
- Ensuring that accident, work related ill health and violent incidents are reported and investigated as necessary
- Monitoring the standard of health and safety throughout the school
- Ensuring that emergency procedures are in place
- Ensure that staff involved in educational visits are aware of their responsibilities regarding the Off-Site Visits Policy and have access to it.
- Authorise all Off-Site Visits. Inform the Governors of all non-routine Off-Site Visits.
DUTIES OF THE GOVERNING BODY
The Governing Body, in consultation with the Head Teacher will:
- Ensure that there is an effective and enforceable policy for the provision of health, safety and welfare, and that it is reviewed annually
- Carry out and record a formal health and safety inspection of all parts of the premises and site at least annually
- Ensure a safe place of work for employees and pupils, including safe means of access and egress
- Ensure that adequate health and safety resources are available to meet health and safety requirements
DUTIES OF THE CARETAKER
The Caretaker’s duties include:
- Keeping the building and site in good order and repair and free of waste / litter
- Monitoring the maintenance of plant and equipment e.g. heating boilers, electrical equipment, local exhaust ventilation equipment, pressure systems, gas appliances, lifting equipment (e.g. for disabled persons), passenger / goods lifts, fire alarm system, intruder alarms etc.
- Monitoring the provision and safe use of main services i.e. water, gas and electricity
- Monitoring the inspections and maintenance of plant and equipment -including access equipment i.e. step ladders, ladders, mobile towers etc.
- Monitoring and maintaining effective security arrangements
- Maintaining safe storage of chemicals, hazardous substances and equipment
- Ensuring that deliveries made safely, e.g. by avoiding peak pedestrian times
- Dealing with reported damage and defects
- Assisting the Head Teacher and Governors with the annual health and safety inspection
DUTIES OF THE EDUCATIONAL VISIT CO-ORDINATOR (EVC)
- The Educational Visits Co-ordinator, Janet Thomas, plans and arranges educational visits in accordance with the Evolve software system, as monitored by CSCJES
DUTIES OF ALL EMPLOYEES
All employees are instructed to:
- Take reasonable care of their own health and safety and of others who might be affected by their actions or lack of action
- Co-operate with their head teacher on health and safety matters
- Not to interfere with anything provided to safeguard their health and safety
- To undertake health and safety training where required
- Report all health and safety concerns, e.g. hazards or defects etc., to the head teacher
## ARRANGEMENTS
| Topic | Page |
|--------------------------------------------|------|
| Accident Reporting and Investigation | 8 |
| Administration of Medicines | 8 |
| Asbestos Management | 8 |
| Communication | 8 |
| Consultation with Employees | 8 |
| Control of Contractors | 9 |
| Display Screen Equipment | 9 |
| Electrical Safety | 9 |
| Emergency Procedures | 10 |
| Fire Safety | 10 |
| First Aid | 11 |
| Gas equipment and appliances | 11 |
| Hazardous Substances | 12 |
| Health and Safety Advice | 12 |
| Housekeeping | 12 |
| Information | 12 |
| Inspections | 12 |
| Lone Working | 13 |
| Maintenance of plant and equipment | 13 |
| Manual Handling | 13 |
| New and expectant mothers | 13 |
| Off-Site Educational visits | 13 |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | 13 |
| Playground Safety | 13 |
| Reporting of defects, hazards and near misses | 14 |
| Risk Assessments | 14 |
| Safety Education | 14 |
| School Council | 14 |
| School Health and Safety Committee | 14 |
| Security Arrangements (see Security policy)| 15 |
| Slips, trips and falls | 15 |
| Storage Arrangements | 15 |
| Stress, Work Related | 15 |
| Sun Protection | 15 |
| Supervision | 15 |
| Training | 16 |
| Vehicles, Use of | 16 |
| Violence | 16 |
| Waste / Litter Management | 16 |
| Welfare facilities | 16 |
| Work Equipment | 17 |
| Workplace Transport Safety | 17 |
| Working at Height | 17 |
ARRANGEMENTS
Accident Reporting and Investigation
The school undertakes accident investigation and reporting in accordance with the Local Authority’s Accident Investigation and Reporting policy.
All accidents are investigated by a competent member of staff (i.e.
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activations, working late / early or at weekends or during holiday periods.
Risk Assessments for lone working have been carried out. The school adheres to the Local Authority Lone Worker policy and utilises where necessary the Lifeline Service – please refer to separate lone working policy.
Manual Handling – have you a separate policy?
Employees are instructed to seek assistance when in doubt or where their personal lifting capacity is likely to be exceeded.
Mechanical aids are provided, e.g. trolleys, sack trucks, hoists for disabled pupils, where necessary.
The safe manual handling of pupils, e.g. disabled children, is only carried out by employees who have received specific training provided by a ‘competent’ provider.
A risk assessment is carried out for manual handling tasks which present a significant hazard.
Monitoring and Review
The health, safety and welfare policy is reviewed annually.
New and expectant mothers
Please make reference to the Authority policy on pregnant workers
Off-site Educational Visits
Janet Thomas The Educational Visits Co-ordinator (EVC) plans and arranges educational visits in accordance with the Evolve software system, as monitored by CSCJES
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PPE is issued to employees as required, e.g. to the care taker, and any employee who may have to deal with bodily fluids.
Playground Safety
Parking
No unauthorised vehicles are allowed on the school premises. Staff cars are parked in the front car park or in the car park at the back of the school.
Refuse.
Any objects such as skips or bins etc. must be stored in an unobtrusive manner. Main gates must be kept clear to allow easy access for any emergency vehicle.
Assembly Area
All staff should be aware of the emergency assembly areas which are on the junior yard.
Yard Maintenance
Paving slabs, concrete areas and tarmac areas should be in good repair.
Steps should be unbroken and not worn unevenly.
Grids should be clear, down pipes unbroken and secured to walls.
Roof guttering should be secured as far as visible checks allow.
Any problems are reported to the Local Authority – Alun Teagle.
Entrances and Exits
Building entrance doors should open outwards and not jam in any position.
All corridors and foyers to entrances and exits must always be well lit and not obstructed.
Exits Must Never Be Obstructed.
All fire doors should be unlocked every morning and all exits should be clear with no obstructions.
Drains
All drains should be cleaned regularly to allow water to flow freely.
Any blockages will be reported to the Headteacher and Caretaker.
Reporting of defects, hazards and near misses
All employees have been instructed to report defects, hazards, near misses to the Head Teacher, Head teacher or care taker immediately so that prompt action can be taken to avoid accidents and injury.
Risk Assessments
Risk assessments have been carried out in consultation with employees and are kept centrally in the head’s office and via the corporate risk assessment database, Assessnet.
School Council
The establishment of a school council helps to raise awareness, and to promote ownership of health and safety issues.
School Health and Safety Committee
The School Health and safety Committee consists of Head Teacher / Health and Safety Coordinator/ Governor responsible for health and safety / Heads of Department / Care Taker.
Security Arrangements
The care taker is responsible for maintaining the security of the site, e.g. locks, self-closers, gates, fences, etc.
Arrangements are in place to prevent unauthorised access, so far as is reasonably practicable, and also to ensure that pupils are prevented from absconding, where applicable, e.g. in the Nursery.
**Slips, trips and falls**
Slip, trip or fall hazards e.g. damaged carpets / floor tiles, raised paving slabs etc. are reported to the Caretaker or Head Teacher who will ensure that appropriate action is taken to avoid accident / injury.
Access routes and storage areas are kept free of obstruction to minimise the risk of trips and falls.
**Storage Arrangements**
All employees are responsible for ensuring items are stored safely and to report any hazards to their Head teacher, e.g. unsecured racking, defective lighting in store areas, inappropriate / lack of access equipment, e.g. step ladders.
All employees have been instructed not to use chairs, tables, desks, etc. to gain access to storage.
Employees have been advised that ‘heavy’ items should be stored at approximately waist level to minimise the risk of injury.
**Well-being of staff**
The Head Teacher is responsible for controlling work-related stress issues and for carrying out a general risk assessment. Cross reference can be made to the LA policy on work related stress.
**Sun Protection**
Pupils are encouraged to use high-factor sun protection cream, lotion or spray as necessary and / or to wear head / neck protection as provided by parents / carers.
Drinking water is provided throughout the year and drinking water containers are taken on any outdoor activities as necessary.
In extreme weather conditions the length of time that pupils are exposed to the sun is controlled. Shade is provided on the school playground via a tree and a wooden hexagonal shelter.
**Supervision**
Pupils are supervised during all activities throughout the school day.
For off-site visits Evolve advice and where necessary guidelines are followed regarding supervision levels.
Training
All employees are given adequate health and safety training, which includes basic skills training, specific on the job training and training in health and safety or emergency procedures.
New, temporary and supply staff are given basic induction training on health and safety, including the arrangements for first aid, fire and evacuation.
Vehicles, Use of
The use of vehicles for transporting pupils is included in the risk assessment process for off-site educational visits, e.g. the use of taxis, minibuses, buses and coaches.
Only employees who are currently authorised by the Head Teacher and are appropriately trained are permitted to drive the school or hired minibus. For further information please refer to the Corporate Minibus policy.
Employees are instructed not to use hand held mobile phones whilst driving.
Violence
Violence, threatening behaviour and abuse against school employees or other members of the school community will not be tolerated.
All incidents of violence are reported and investigated as required by Head teacher / Deputy Head Teacher.
Training will be provided in de-escalation and positive handling through the Behaviour Support Service. The main purpose of such training is to avoid / minimise the risk of injury to either employees or pupils.
Waste/Litter Management
The Caretaker is responsible for the management of waste and litter. Pupils are encouraged to take an active part in the management of litter.
Adequate waste bins are available around school, which are emptied daily. External waste bins are secured away from school buildings to reduce the risk of damage by arson.
Welfare facilities
Sufficient toilet facilities are available for both employees and pupils, which include adequate hand washing / hand drying facilities.
Pupils have access to labelled drinking water taps and / or drinking water bottles throughout the day.
The provision of heating, lighting and ventilation is adequate, and is monitored and maintained by the Caretaker.
All glazing is either safety glazing or safety film has been applied. Broken windows are replaced with safety glazing.
**Work Equipment**
All work equipment is suitable for intended purpose, obtained from a reputable source, maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and subject to local inspection prior to use, e.g. for damage and to ensure that safety devices are in place. Training is carried out, where applicable; in the safe use of certain work equipment.
**Workplace Transport Safety**
A risk assessment has been carried out for the control of vehicles on site. One of the main aims is to keep pedestrians and vehicles apart so far as is reasonably practicable.
Arrangements are in place to ensure that there is no vehicular movement on the premises during peak pedestrian traffic times, e.g. when the pupils are arriving and leaving school and lunch times.
Arrangements are in place, so far as is reasonably practicable, to ensure that deliveries are made to avoid peak pedestrian traffic times.
Road Safety – how advice is provided on the safety of pupils in respect to road safety.
**Working at Height**
Employees should wherever possible avoid working at height, e.g. by arranging for stored items to be in reach from floor level, or by using contractors e.g. for changing lights in the hall, high level window cleaning, putting up stage lighting etc.
Suitable access equipment is provided, e.g. ‘kick step’ type stools, step ladders, ladders.
Employees are instructed not to use chairs / desks / tables to gain access to items stored at height or to put up displays etc.
Arrangements are in place for access equipment to be inspected on a termly basis by the Care taker.
Employees are instructed to report damage / defects immediately to the Care taker / Head Teacher.
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## Overview
**Flight: Alberta’s Early Learning and Care Framework**
| Values | Guiding Principles |
|--------|-------------------|
| **Values Guiding Early Childhood Communities** | Children's life-long health, well-being, learning, and behaviour are strongly connected to their early childhood experience. |
| Democratic citizenship | Childhoods differ depending on social, cultural, and economic circumstances. |
| Equity | Children interact and learn in multiple learning communities and their learning is profoundly influenced by the relationships within and between these communities and specifically with respect for the family relationship. |
| Intercultural competency and communication | Children thrive when they are nurtured in close, consistent relationships, and their families benefit from these close caring relationships as well. |
| Environmental sustainability | Children are active co-constructors of knowledge through first-hand experiences and in reciprocal relationships with people and things in their environment. |
| **Values Guiding Early Learning Processes** | Children are unique learners who construct and represent knowledge using multimodal literacies for exploration and expression. |
| Active engagement and participation | Children are citizens and active participants in society. |
| Meaning making and co-constructing knowledge | |
| Play and playfulness | |
| Creativity and imagination | |
| Multimodal literacies | |
| Interconnectedness of ideas | |
| Reciprocity of relationships | |
| Diverse perspectives for learning | |
| Inclusivity | |
| **Values Guiding Meaningful Family Relationships** | |
| Belonging to family and community | |
| Knowledge and appreciation of family, social, and cultural practices and traditions | |
| Learning from elders and community leaders | |
| Respect and social responsibility within family and community | |
---
### The Image of the Child, A Mighty Learner and Citizen
"How do you invite me to listen and communicate and respond to my own particular efforts?"
"How do you organize time and space for me to explore my thinking and imagination independently and with others?"
"How do you encourage and facilitate my endeavours to be part of the wider group?"
"How do you meet my daily needs with care and sensitivity?" "How do you appreciate and understand my interests and abilities and those of my family?" 3
---
1. [Values](#)
2. [Guiding Principles](#)
3. [The Image of the Child](#)
A Practice of Relationships: Your Role as an Early Learning and Child Care Educator
...as co-learner
Plays, Seeks, Participates, Persists, Cares
Alongside children and families, educators openly seek to learn about children and their families. This learning informs curriculum planning and is foundational for a practice of relationships. Educators use their knowledge and learning to create places of vitality with children and families.
...as co-researcher
Questions, Investigates, Reflects, Interprets, Shares
Educators actively engage children, families, and colleagues to investigate, make meaning of, and communicate about what children are doing and thinking. They engage with families to learn about how children engage in their world. Interpretations reflect an understanding that learning is socially and culturally constructed.
...as co-imaginer of possibilities
Wonders, Imagines, Creates, Invents, Risks in the Spirit of Learning
The role of the educator is to value the questions that can lead to possibilities created along with children, families, and colleagues, rather than have all the answers. Possibilities begin with wondering, imagining, and taking risks in the spirit of creating authentically shared places of vitality with children and families.
Mighty Learners: Nurturing Children’s Dispositions to Learn
I/we are playing and playful, I/we are seeking, I/we are participating, I/we are persisting, I/we are caring
Holistic Play-Based Goals for Children’s Responsive Care, Play, Learning and Development
Well-Being
Children participate within safe and caring environments where their vitality, health, well-being, and sense of belonging and identity are protected and nurtured.
- Emotional Health and Positive Self-Identities
- Belonging
- Physical Health
Play and Playfulness
Children participate within open, engaging, and responsive environments where exploration and play are encouraged and purposefully planned.
- Imagination and Creativity
- Playful Exploration and Problem Solving
- Dizzy Play
Communication and Literacies
Children participate within intellectually, socially, and culturally engaging environments where language and multiple literacies are valued and practiced.
- Communicative Practices
- Multimodal Literacies
- Literate Identities With/In Communities
Diversity and Social Responsibility
Children participate within socially inclusive and culturally sensitive environments in which social responsibility for self, others, and the world is enacted.
- Inclusiveness and Equity
- Democratic Practices
- Sustainable Futures
1 Acknowledging and appreciating the ELCC Curriculum Advisory Committee, who informed the development of this Alberta Curriculum Framework.
2 Adapted from Alberta Education, Kindergarten Program Statement (2008).
3 Early Childhood Centre Research and Development Team, University of New Brunswick. (2008). *New Brunswick Curriculum Framework for Early Learning and Child Care—English*. Fredericton, NB: Published by UNB Early Childhood Centre for the New Brunswick Department of Social Development.
4 May, H. & Podmore, V. (2000). ‘Teaching stories’: An approach to self evaluation of early childhood programmes. *European Early Childhood Education Research Journal*, 8(1),
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compile that looks different from what you’ve been writing, but in most cases there will be no visible change. Naturally, if you require a script format that doesn’t conform to the standard screenplay, make this option is unchecked, or you will lose all of your custom formatting in the compile (Scrivener’s copy will of course remain untouched).
**Break dialogue and action at sentences** Use this option to adhere to the standard of keeping action and dialogue sentences together, rather than breaking them up between pages. If a sentence would have ordinarily been split, it will instead be moved entirely to the following page.
**Include revision colors from Preferences** Your preferred revision colours, which can be set in the Editing: Revisions preference tab (subsection B.3.3), will be supplied to Final Draft’s revision palette, maintaining a consistent revision system between the two applications.
**Summaries and Script Notes Fonts** The final two options allow you to set fonts for the indicated features within Final Draft. Do note that if you intend to share the FDX file with Windows colleagues, you may wish to change the default Summaries font to Helvetica, Arial, or something else that is commonly available.
### 24.4 Separators
In real-world terms, separators represent an easy and formulaic way of inserting separation between important elements in your draft. A few common examples would be a page break between chapters in a PDF, a section break in an eBook, or even a simple “#” or “* * *” between scenes in a novel. Separators in Scrivener can be inserted either broadly as a default (all folders should have a page break inserted, for example) or very specifically as part of the role or function of a section layout (such as an asterism between text for a “Scene” layout).
The separators panel is broken up into three main parts (Figure 24.8):
a) **Default Separators**: these two settings broadly adjust how separators will be inserted in the draft. They will be used for section types that are not mapped to any layouts, and for all layouts by default. Defaults are how we want to treat items in general, perhaps even regardless of what type of item it is in the binder (chapter, scene, preface, etc.).
b) **Section Layouts**: each layout, as defined in the Section Layouts compile format pane (section 24.2), can be set to override the defaults and do their own thing. This capability is useful when the layout is meant to serve a specific role that includes separation—like a Part break in a larger book.
c) *Separation Settings*: when clicking on any of the entries in the above two lists, their applicable settings will be loaded into this area on the right.
A few good examples of where and why a Layout might override default separators can be found in the default blank “New Format” settings, as depicted in the figure. We have the “Text Section” layout selected, which acts in accordance with the global defaults—but you may notice that if you disabled the **Use default separators** checkbox at the top, it would insert an empty line between other “Text Section” items—in effect acting like a scene in a typical novel. The “New Page” layout directly below that one in the list is set up to override defaults by default (whew), in that it’s entire purpose is for inserting a page break separator.
### 24.4.1 Managing Layouts from the Separators Pane
You may at times find you need to create a new layout on the fly to accommodate a special form of separation. In the lower left hand corner of the Section Layout list are a pair of \(+\) and \(-\) buttons. Section Layouts can be managed from this pane:
- When adding new layouts it works in the same fashion as the Section Layouts pane would—select the layout you want to duplicate and then click the \(+\). You may of course need to further tweak it in the Section Layouts panel after adjusting its separators.
- Use of the \(-\) will fully delete the layout from the compile format. Use with care.
— Layouts can be renamed right in this list as well, by double-clicking on their names. Click elsewhere, or press Esc to confirm your changes once you’ve edited the title.
The Separators pane is available to all formats except FCF and FDX.
24.4.2 Separator Types
The simplest way to use and think of separators is of having them inserted above the section layout that uses them, thus placing it in between the preceding chunk of text and the current one. This is the usage we referred to before, where a common (and default) behaviour is to insert a page break before all folders. If you add a folder and put some files into it in your draft, it will automatically act like a major section break when compiled.
There are three other options for where or how separation should be handled. It would be easiest to describe how they work together with a few examples. If you wish to play along with the what we will be looking at in the screenshots, you will find a demonstration project called “8-compile_separators_demonstration.scriv” in the Extras Pack (Appendix F), and consult the help file at the top of the binder if you require any further explanation of how the project is set up. For the sake of visual clarity, we’ll use custom separators, which allow us to insert arbitrary text between sections.
In Figure 24.9 we see two different forms of separation being employed, as well as a third option that transforms blank lines in the text editor to match the form of separation we prefer between sections otherwise. The options that are in use:
**Separator before sections** As referred to before, this is the simplest form of separation to think of. The orange chunk of text has been set to “Page break” as its separation type. We don’t see the effects of that here however because it is the very first item to be compiled. This is an important exception to keep in mind for this separator option: it must be separating the item from something in order to insert a separator.
For the sections coloured in lavender, we have added a visible custom separator. Since there is a space between the first lavender chunk of text and the orange chunk of text, we see that separator inserted there.
**Separator between sections** When the section type of the item preceding the current item is the same then this separator option will be used. We see the asterism symbol inserted between the two lavender chunks of text because they are of a like kind. If one of these chunks of text had been a different type of document (like the orange chunk), then the “– Before Section –” separator would have been used instead.
**Blank line separator** Available only to formal section types, rather than as a global default to files or folders, this setting will transform blank lines found
within individual chunks of text in the editor. The second lavender chunk of text has such a blank line within it, and we can see it transformed to match our preference of using an asterism between significant portions of text. You can thus mix how you write and use the draft outline with Scrivener. If it feels more appropriate to have a sequence of short scenes in one single outline item them you can feel free to do so.
Our next example (Figure 24.10) adds a new option into the mix, and in doing so modifies how these items in the draft work together. If you’re following along with the demonstration project, open the compile overview screen and click the Assign Section Layouts... button, switching the “Section” type to the “Section Text (After)” layout.
Figure 24.10: Overriding the separator following an item will modify any other separators that might have appeared in that slot, rather than adding an additional separator.
**Override separator after** This option not only inserts a separator after the section, it will do so in all cases, overriding either of the above options if necessary to do so. In our example here, the Separator between sections is overridden, but if the third chunk of text was orange, it would in that case have suppressed the page break that otherwise would have been inserted by the “Heading” layout.
Also of note, this setting does not override the Blank line separator option, which doesn’t formally insert separators between chunks of text, but rather modifies how ad hoc separators you type into the editor are formatted.
Need a less adaptive behaviour?
As you may have seen by now, separators are by their nature contextual. They are meant to be inserted logically into your draft, and will not blindly duplicate separation between items or insert separation where there is nothing to separate. If you do need separation around an element no matter what, then the Section Layouts prefix and suffix settings (section 24.2.3) settings will do just that. The provided demonstration project also includes a section layout called “Text Section (Prefix/Suffix)” that shows the interaction between a section prefix & suffix with the separators around them.
24.4.3 Separator Settings
Each of type of separator that can be made use of in defaults or per layout will have the same four options available to them:
- **Single return**: a single paragraph break will be inserted, causing the final appearance to run from one document to the next with no visible “seam”. In essence this is the “no
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THE QUEENSLAND BULLETIN
July Club outing at the South Coast Restoration Day
27th Annual Pioneer Rally & Craft Display
Leyland, anything but average
### Committee
| Title | Name | Telephone | Mobile | Email |
|---------------------|-----------------|---------------|-----------------|------------------------|
| President | Carl Gregory | (07) 3396 0464| | [email protected] |
| Vice President | Richard Mallon | (07) 5510 8186| | [email protected] |
| Treasurer | Warren Ashworth | (07) 5535 9311| | [email protected] |
| Secretary | Neville Humphreys| (07) 5494 5565| | [email protected] |
| Spare Parts Officer | Graham Rogerson | (07) 3888 1345| | |
| Assist Spare Parts | Pat Rogerson | (07) 3888 1345| | |
| Technical Officer | Garth Morris | | | |
| Dating Officer | Any Committee | Member | | [email protected] |
| Editor | Ann Mallon | (07) 5510 8186| | [email protected] |
| Web Master | Adrian Spencer | (07) 3314 0058| 0414383503 | [email protected] |
### General Information
The Queensland P76 Owners Club Inc holds its monthly Meetings on the **2nd Friday** of each month.
**Venue:** Norman Park Uniting Church
Cnr Bennetts Rd & McIlwraith Ave
NORMAN PARK QLD
**Time:** 8.00pm
Various activities are organised by Club Members and are generally held on the last Sunday of the month. All venue details are confirmed at the General Meeting and are recorded in the Minutes on the next page.
**CLUB MEMBER OF THE YEAR POINTS ALLOCATED**
Attend Meeting = 1 point; Raffle donation = 1 point; Organise Event = 1 point; Win Event = 1 point
**IMPORTANT NOTICE**
**ALL MATERIAL IN THIS MAGAZINE IS COPYRIGHT**
Other “P76 Owners” clubs are welcome to reproduce any original material in this newsletter providing a mention of “Leyland P76 Owners Club Incorporate Queensland” and the “Author” of that material as the original source is made.
Our club outing in July was to the South Coast Restoration Day 27th Annual Pioneer Rally & Craft Display at Pimpama on the Gold Coast. The weather was sunny although jackets and scarves were predominant earlier on in the day as the temperature was quite cool. Those that bought their Ps to the outing had a chance to display them and there was a lot of interest in the cars with many people coming over and talking to us about them. Richard and I were going to bring two, however, I had been cruising in the Deluxe during the week and didn’t clean it (well, isn’t that Richard’s job after all as I have to clean my bike and edit the magazine) and we did not have time so we decided to leave it at home.
**P76s on Display**
Among the different car displays was the Morris Minor club with quite a big display of vehicles. A particular vehicle that caught my attention was a Morris Minor truck with half a wooden wine barrel on the back as a storage unit. It was a real labour of love and a credit to the owner.
This month’s front cover picture is of a miniature town scene which is part of the model train display. All the buildings looked authentic as did the trains. These trains were moving round the tracks in different scenes and the set up was computerised as well. Talk about boys with their toys – there are obviously some good engineers and train drivers as well as model makers out there. It was a very impressive display.
The collection and restoration of machinery, household goods and wares, vehicles (including buses, tractors, a fire engine, traction engine, trucks, motor-bike and more) and other collectables was mind boggling. There has been many man hours in restorations and a lot more to come – some things appear as if they are completely unrepairable but I was assured that it can be restored or used for a restoration project. I applaud these people with their skills and passion in preserving the past and keeping history alive. I was really impressed with the open day and will be keen to go again to see more as there wasn’t enough time in one day to see everything.
**Lunch with Sandra & Col**
The Annual General Meeting was held earlier this month and there have been a few changes. Adrian has stepped down from the committee but will still be working as our Web Master. On behalf of the club we thank Adrian for all his work and effort during his time in office. You have worked tirelessly for the club and thanks to Jenny for all the times the club has taken up Adrian’s family time. Carle Gregory has stepped into the role as President.
This month’s outing is on Sunday 31 August at Clontarf Beach, Redcliffe, with the Motor Neurone Disease Association of Qld. Arrival time is 10.00am. It is a relaxing day out by the water with a very friendly group of people. A BBQ lunch will be provided.
The end of the Redex Rally is on the Gold Coast on Saturday 20 September 2008. Hal Maloney has entered his P76 and the Queensland Club are looking to being there with a number of cars to meet him as he rolls in to the finish. At this stage, however, he may not be competing due to his navigator being unavailable but I will keep in touch with him over the next few weeks and advise you of further developments in the September magazine.
We have had a problem with the deluxe over the last two months in that intermittently it will not start. The motor whirrs but will not turn over. Once again it happened today and I had to call on the assistance of RACQ. The mechanic obviously was not a P76 fan judging by some of the remarks he made. He is a big lover of modern cars and one such remark was that if you owned a modern car and felt how comfortable it was then you would never drive an old one again. Well, I guess I don’t have that privilege however, some of you club members do and you still drive the old cars as well. But on a positive note he did get it going and I was happy again. I took it down to Warren and he fixed the starter motor terminal and all is sweet again so I enjoyed the half hour cruise back home down the highway with more confidence in the car. Hopefully I will have no more starter motor problems.
Another reminder to those members who have not paid their subs that they are now due. Remember, if you have not paid your subs then your car is not able to be registered under Club Registration so it is important to attend to this.
Happy motoring and safe driving
Can you work this out?
3 MEN GO INTO A MOTEL. THE MAN BEHIND THE DESK SAID THE ROOM IS $30, SO EACH MAN PAID $10 AND WENT TO THE ROOM.
A WHILE LATER THE MAN BEHIND THE DESK REALIZED THE ROOM WAS ONLY $25, SO HE SENT THE BELLBOY TO THE 3 GUYS’ ROOM WITH $5.
ON THE WAY, THE BELLBOY COULDN’T FIGURE OUT HOW TO SPLIT $5 EVENLY BETWEEN 3 MEN, SO HE GAVE EACH MAN A $1 AND KEPT THE OTHER $2 FOR HIMSELF.
THIS MEANT THAT THE 3 MEN EACH PAID $9 FOR THE ROOM, WHICH IS A TOTAL OF $27, ADD THE $2 THAT THE BELLBOY KEPT = $29.
WHERE IS THE OTHER DOLLAR?
Update News items
NSW Club making stationwagon models same method as Forve 7. Those interested in them contact Secretary Neville please.
Also your RACQ mag has mentioned on Page 5, Aug Sept Mag the P76.
Comments from Tony Davies book “Lemons”. Maybe you would like to write to your RACQ club office and thank them for there support.
Adrian
The meeting was opened by the President at 8.00pm
**Apologies:** There were no apologies
**Treasurers Report:** The Treasurer reported the bank balance is $7,690.82
**Minutes of Previous Meeting:** The minutes of the Meeting held in July 2008 were read and are a true and accurate record
**Incoming Magazines:** Heritage Group
Westwords – August 2008
Classic P76 Club
**Incoming Mail:** Membership Renewals –
Peter Muller, Errol & Mary Lucht, Dave Eadon, Len Wegemund,
David Cook, John Wakeman, John Judd, Andrew Gibbon, Carle Gregory, Adrian Spencer, Graham
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year of the Morris Minor. Over 50 Morris Minors and invited classic cars on display. Located at Ormiston State School. Entry is free, food and drink available.
Well I hope to meet quite a few of you at the various outings this coming year and would love to hear the stories we all accumulate on our ramble through classic car life.
Cheers for now
Carle Gregory
PRESIDENT
Adrian's Adventures
Hi Everyone
What a meeting, great to see new talent at the head of the club. Carle as President and Richard as the Vice President; I feel confident in their leadership. The new club is in a wonderful position. I would like to thank those members who came to the meeting and for supper.
To start things off, the Parts Manager and I went to for our Ekka outing to far off Toowoomba and Dalby in search of P76 treasures. The Parts Manager had been told of a collection of P76 cars on the Cecil Plains road. We have since found out that they belong to our Toowoomba member Ray Trost - we all had a great laugh. Ray and Steve showed us their workshop and I was able to get Ray to check my drivers seat. Before leaving Ray’s, I checked the left hand wheel bearing as there seemed to be a wobble in the steering. Found that I needed to tighten the bearing. Those new disc pads sure produce a lot of black sooty material. When I removed the hub caps there was a 2mm layer on the metal rim.
After leaving Toowoomba we tried to ring Jim and Dawn in Dalby, but had to leave a message on the telephone answering machine. So we then tried Errol and Mary who also live in Dalby. They were home so we asked if we could drop in on them. We had a great trip to Dalby. On the way there a couple of helicopters flew overhead outside Oakey. Arriving at Dalby we were able to find Errol with another call and a few directions.
Errol and Mary have been long time members of the club. They invited us in for a cuppa and a biscuit. We had a recital on the Panola and do you know that they don’t own a TV. Amazing. Wish I could do away with mine sometimes. Errol’s car is a Oh Fudge V8 3 speed column deluxe. It is looking good for the age. Errol showed us the walker he has got for Mary in the boot. I thought Graham was going to put it in my car. As we left Errol’s we headed around the corner to Jim’s but everyone was out, only the hound came to see who it was. Dalby is a nice town, surrounded by a lot a large paddocks.
As usual I like driving the P76 so we did a round trip of 80 litres of gas as the trip meter does not work. Got worried by the lack of Gas (not petrol) station in those areas. I have to apologise to my darling for not ringing as I had a call about 5 pm asking if I was coming home. The call freshened me up because I had no trouble keeping the eyes open from then on. Took the by pass around Caboolture for a look see, nice piece of road works but no forward planning and it comes out at the Bribie Island turn off. The traffic was very heavy, due to the Brisbane Ekka holiday and the road works which held us up a little.
Thing happening in the shed have stopped for a little until this cold goes away. The previous weekend I took the old P76 and club trailer to Goombunge for a Scout outing called Night Hawk. The temperature went down to -7 degrees overnight. The scouts and Venture enjoyed the whole experience.
Until next time
Cheers
Adrian
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**I Could Use a Little Money**
Dear Father,
School i$ really great. I am making lot$ of friend$ and $tudying very hard. With all my $tuff, I simply □an’t think of anything I need, $o if you would like, you can ju$t $end me a card, a$ I would love to hear from you.
Love, Your $on.
After receiving his son's letter, the father immediately replies by sending a letter back.
Dear Son,
I kNOw that astroNOmy, ecoNOmics, and oceaNOgraphy are eNOugh to keep even an hoNOr student busy. Do NOt forget that the pursuit of kNOWledge is a NOble task, and you can never study eNOugh.
Love, Dad
60 Years of the Morris Minor
Annual Morris Minor Picnic & Display Day
Ormiston State School
Wellington Street Ormiston
A short walk from Ormiston Railway Station.
Sunday 19 October 2008 at 10.00 a.m.
Yes, 60 years since the Morris Minor came off the production line and on to the U.K. market. The following year it was available in Australia.
This display is hosted by the Southside Club and all owners past and present along with all interested citizens are welcome to attend.
Enquiries: 3207 3425. / 3207 5180.
Come and join the convoy of hundreds of vehicles for the 4th annual Bravehearts Highway Thunder!
Vehicles will arrive at the start venue- Burnings Warehouse, Harbour Town from 7.30am to register and join us for an informal Burnings Seaside Scizzle Breakfast. The convoy will depart under police escort at 8.30am, arriving at Yatala Drive-in Theatre where entertainment, a couple of food stalls, show n’ shine competition and the raffle will be drawn.
For only a small registration fee of $10 per vehicle - payable on arrival at Harbour Town, you will receive your official Highway Thunder pack and the experience of joining our best
Register your vehicle for Highway Thunder 2008
Please fill out this registration form and taking it with you to Highway Thunder on 14th September. A draw will take place from the completed registration forms (with a great prize to be won. Bravehearts staff will collect it along with your $10 (per vehicle) registration fee on arrival. Please use Harbour Town drive entrance (off Oyster Drive).
Name ____________________________________________________________
Email ____________________________________________________________
Phone Number _____________________________________________________
Postal Address ______________________________________________________
Number of Participants in your vehicle ________________________________
Bravehearts Charity and the Event Organiser are not liable nor responsible for any damage to property or injury to persons arising from participation in the event. The Event Organiser is not liable or responsible for any injury caused by, or to, persons or persons participating in the Highway Thunder, both in the convoy or in the event. If you are injured or damaged as a result of participating in these events, you must notify the Event Organiser immediately. You agree that in the event of these facts, Highway Thunder, whilst it is being, or to begin within current Queensland Road and Traffic Laws, and Byelaws and the Event Organiser are not liable, nor responsible if you fail to advise the Event Organiser of your injury or death.
Signed__________________________________________________________ Date __________
Membership Application or Renewal
I......................................................... hereby request full membership of the Leyland P76 Owners Club Inc. I understand that there is a once off joining fee of $10.00 for a new member and an annual membership fee of $40.00.
Signed..................................................................
Contact Details
| Name: | Home Phone: |
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| Address: | Mobile: |
| Suburb: | Town: |
| State: | Postcode: |
| Email: | @ |
I would like to receive my Magazine by (please tick preference) [ ] Mail [ ] Email
Please find enclosed a cheque made out to: The Leyland P76 Owners Club for $........ This entitles me to a monthly magazines (except December), Club functions and access to buying Club parts. Members are invited to be on the committee.
Suggestions for Outings: (ie would you like us to arrange an outing near where you live)
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Car Information – Car 1
Vehicle Identification No. Manuf (Mth/Yr) Model Registration No. Last Registered (Year) Last Registered (State)
076
Engine Capacity Engine No. Paint Colour Trim Colour Manual Column Shift
Automatic Floor Shift
Power Steering Factory Air Factory Alloy Wheels Bench Seat Bucket Seats (Fixed) Bucket Seats (Reclining)
Rear Arm Rest
Towbar
Mudflaps
Original Cassette
Original Radio
Body
Restored Repairable Rust/Damage/Paint
Good Parts Only
Interior
Excellent Good
Fair Poor
Engine
Reconditioned Good
Reco Required Parts Only
Non Standard Equipment
Year Purchased
Purchased From (If Known)
Original Owner
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The effects of *Hericium erinaceus* (Amyloban® 3399) on sleep quality and subjective well-being among female undergraduate students: A pilot study
Hisayoshi Okamura, Ph.D. a,*, Nobuko Anno, Ph.D. b, Akira Tsuda, Ph.D. c, Takahiro Inokuchi, Ph.D. d, Naohisa Uchimura, M.D., Ph.D a, e, Kazutoyo Inanaga, M.D., Ph.D. f
a Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
b Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
c Department of Psychology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
d Research Institute of Medical Mass Spectrometry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
e Department of Psychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
f Chikusuikai Institute for Neuroinformation, Chikusuikai Hospital, Yame, Fukuoka, Japan
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 27 January 2015
Received in revised form 30 March 2015
Accepted 3 April 2015
Keywords:
*Hericium erinaceus*
Amyloban® 3399
Sleep quality
Salivary free-MHPG
1. Introduction
Currently in Japan, one out of every four to five people suffers from sleep disorders [1,2]. A very high percentage of undergraduate students, who are at the last stage of adolescence, suffer from sleep problems because of staying up late at night and sleeping until late in the morning or maintaining irregular sleep patterns. These behaviors lead to disruption of circadian rhythms and deterioration of quality of life, involving a decline in productivity due to daytime sleepiness [3].
Compared with students who get adequate sleep (6–8 h per night), students who habitually sleep in excess (more than 9 h per night) or inadequately (less than 5 h per night) have a strong self-awareness of emotional and physical distress as measured by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). In particular, the levels of salivary free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (free-MHPG) (a metabolite of central noradrenaline [NA]), and immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) antibodies (which play a role in the immune system), are substantially lower among students with excessive sleep. Our previous study indicated that disturbance of sleep habits is closely related to decline in subjective well-being, as well as a weakening of immune functions and NA systems [4].
*Hericium erinaceus* (Lion’s Mane mushroom) has long been used for culinary and medicinal purposes. Its cognitive benefits have recently drawn more attention, and studies have investigated the therapeutic use of this mushroom in patients with mild dementia [5–7]. In addition, Nagano et al. [8] reported that after 4 weeks of *H. erinaceus* administration, participants’ feelings of depression, irritability, and fatigue significantly declined compared with those before administration, suggesting its efficacy in improving mood. These findings suggest that *H. erinaceus* may be beneficial for people who suffer from circadian rhythm disorders and help alleviate sleep problems, while improving the quality of life for people who lead an unhealthy or non-productive lifestyle by habitually staying up late and sleeping in.
This pilot study evaluated the effects of a 4-week administration of *H. erinaceus* (Amyloban® 3399) on female undergraduate students who were likely to have a high incidence of sleep problems. We assessed changes in sleep quality and subjective well-being with the GHQ-28 and PSQI (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index). Furthermore, we examined the level of salivary free-MHPG after awakening, which is generally regarded as an accurate index of chronic stress and depressive symptoms and reflects sympathetic nervous system activity [9]. Thus, we were able to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of Amyloban® 3399 on sleep quality and subjective well-being of female students.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmu.2015.03.006
2186-4950/(C)opyright © 2015, International Society of Personalized Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Participants
The participants were eight female undergraduate students (mean age: 21.7 ± 0.4 years), all of whom had a National Dietitian Exam scheduled within 1 month. None of the participants had a history of serious illnesses or prescription medicine use.
2.2. Procedure
The participants were asked to visit the lab and were given a brief description of the experimental procedures and saliva collection method. A questionnaire sheet consisting of GHQ-28 and PSQI questions was distributed. In addition to completing the questionnaires, the participants were asked to fill out their grade level, gender and age.
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Questionnaires
GHQ-28 [10]: This questionnaire assessed the participants’ mental health over the past week. This self-administered questionnaire consisted of 28 items, divided into four subscales: “somatic symptoms,” “anxiety and insomnia,” “social dysfunction,” and “depression.” Participants responded to the questions using a four-point scoring system. Each subscale had a seven-point maximum. Cut-off points were the following: 2–3 points is a mild, and 4 points and higher is considered a moderate for “somatic symptoms” and “anxiety and insomnia,” 1–2 point score is mild, and 3 points and higher is considered moderate symptom for “social dysfunction” and “depression”.
PSQI [11]: This questionnaire was used to assess sleep habits and sleep quality over the 1-month period. There were 18 items containing seven components (quality of sleep, sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and excessive daytime sleepiness). Higher scores suggested poor sleep quality, with a score of 5.5 being the cut-off point.
2.3.2. Saliva collection and free-MHPG measurement
Each participant was asked to collect saliva samples immediately upon waking. A Spitz device (“Sarisoft”) was used to collect the samples, which were immediately stored in a −80 °C freezer. All samples were collected at the end of the study. The free-MHPG level was measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Hitachi-M80B, Hitachi, Japan), as described by Yajima et al. [12].
2.4. Administration of *H. erinaceus*
Participants in this study self-administered six tablets per day of Amyloban® 3399 (Mushroom Wisdom, Inc., East Rutherford, NJ USA), divided into 2 or 3 doses. The supplement was taken with food for a period of 4 weeks. Participants were not explained anything about Amyloban® 3399 during registration; they were just told that “This is a kind of supplement.”
2.5. Ethical considerations
The ethics committee of the university approved this study. Participants’ safety was the priority and the research data were used for the purposes of this study only. Participants’ information was kept confidential. They were given written and oral explanations before providing their consent.
2.6. Statistical analysis
Data analysis was performed with a Windows version of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). A t-test was used to evaluate the mean difference between GHQ-28 subscale scores, PSQI scores, and average level of salivary free-MHPG before and after administration of Amyloban® 3399. In each statistical analysis, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a p-value less than 0.10 was considered a marginally significant difference.
3. Results
The average PSQI score before administration of Amyloban® 3399 was 7.3. Six of the participants scored higher than the cut-off point (5.5) and two scored below. The scores (mean ± standard deviation) for the GHQ-28 subscales were as follows: “somatic symptoms,” 3.8 ± 2.7 (mild), “anxiety and insomnia,” 5 ± 1.9 (moderate), “social dysfunction,” 1.9 ± 2.1 (mild), and “depression,” 1.8 ± 1.3 (mild).
On the “anxiety and insomnia” subscale of the GHQ-28, there was a declining trend after 4 weeks of supplement administration (t = 1.86, df = 14, p < 0.10). No significant differences were observed on the other subscales after the 4-week administration of Amyloban® 3399. There were no statistically significant differences in PSQI scores associated with Amyloban® 3399 use. However, after the 4-week administration, the average score showed a decline (pre-administration: 7.25, post-administration: 5.75), and the number of participants who scored above the 5.5 cut off point declined from six to four. After 4 weeks of Amyloban® 3399 administration, levels of salivary free-MHPG significantly increased compared with those during pre-administration (t = −2.25, df
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Predation of artificial nests by introduced rhesus macaques (*Macaca mulatta*) in Florida, USA
C. Jane Anderson · Mark E. Hostetler · Kathryn E. Sieving · Steven A. Johnson
Received: 10 February 2016 / Accepted: 5 June 2016
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Abstract Native throughout Asia, rhesus macaques are believed to have the widest native range of any non-human primate and are capable of adapting to an extensive diversity of habitats. Rhesus macaques have caused environmental degradation in introduced habitats, including decreasing bird populations through nest predation. In the 1930s, rhesus macaques were intentionally introduced into what is today Silver Springs State Park (SSSP), central Florida, in an effort to increase tourism. Our objective was to determine whether introduced rhesus macaques in SSSP would consume eggs presented in artificial nests. We used camera traps adjacent to 100 open-cupped artificial bird nests baited with quail eggs near the Silver River. Nests were placed in shrubs and left in the field site for 12 days, representative of the incubation period of native passerine species. Twenty-one nests were depredated by rhesus macaques, nine by nest predators other than macaques, and five nests by an unidentified predator. Nests were more likely to be depredated by macaques when located in areas of high macaque relative abundance. This study suggests introduced rhesus macaques may influence nest predation rates of native bird species in natural areas.
Keywords Invasive · *Macaca mulatta* · Nest predation · Rhesus macaque · Primate
Introduction
Florida has had the most non-native wildlife species introductions of any U.S. state (Hardin 2007). Prevention, management, and mitigation of invasive species in the state cost over $500 million annually (Beck et al. 2008). Florida is especially vulnerable to non-native species introductions due to its large numbers of tourists, several major ports of entry, thriving exotic pet trade, peninsular geography, and subtropical environment. Three species of non-human primates have established populations in Florida: the squirrel monkey (*Saimiri* sp.), the vervet monkey (*Chlorocebus sabaeus*), and the rhesus macaque (*Macaca mulatta*).
Among the non-human primates introduced in Florida, rhesus macaques may pose the greatest threat to native wildlife species and natural resources. Ranging from Afghanistan to the west, the Pacific coast of China to the east, and central India and Laos to the south, they are believed to have the widest native range of any non-human primate (Southwick et al. 1996).
They have proven capable of adapting to an extensive diversity of habitats ranging in elevation from sea-level to 4000 m. They are both arboreal and terrestrial, and they are particularly adept at thriving in human settlements (Foden 2000). They are primarily herbivorous, but supplement their diet with small vertebrates and invertebrates, honeycombs, and bird eggs (Foden 2000). In introduced habitats rhesus macaques have increased bacteria loads in water bodies (Klopchin et al. 2008), destroyed mangrove trees leading to shoreline erosion (Krueer 1996), caused millions of dollars in crop destruction (USDA 2008), and threatened native wildlife populations (USFWS 2011).
When introduced into non-native habitats, macaque species (genus *Macaca*) have proven to be aggressive nest predators. Crab-eating macaques (*Macaca fascicularis*) were introduced on the island of Mauritius in the 1500s; nest predation by this population may have contributed to the extinction of the dodo (*Raphus cucullatus*; Hume and Walters 2012) and continues to be a substantial threat to breeding birds on the island (Safford 2011). Japanese macaques (*Macaca fuscata*) introduced in Texas were found to depredate artificial ground nests (Feild et al. 1997). Managers of St. Catherine’s Island, Georgia, introduced lion-tailed macaques (*Macaca silenus*) in 1991 (Dierenfeld and Mccann 1999), and subsequently removed the animals after they proved to be aggressive towards humans and voracious predators of native bird eggs and hatchlings (R. Hayes, pers. comm.). Perhaps the most significant threat of introduced macaques to breeding birds in the U.S. is the introduced population of rhesus macaques in Desecheo Island National Wildlife Refuge, located off the western coast of Puerto Rico. The island historically provided home to tens of thousands of breeding seabirds. In the early 1900s, the introduction of non-native rodents began a decline of seabird nesting. Rhesus macaques were introduced in 1966, and nest predation by the macaques was severe enough to halt all seabird reproduction on the island within a few years. Managers have subsequently implemented an intense macaque removal program on the island (USFWS 2011).
Rhesus macaques were introduced into what is today Silver Springs State Park (SSSP), central Florida, in the 1930s in an effort to increase tourism. The initial introduction included approximately six animals, and an additional six animals were released in 1948 (Wolfe and Peters 1987). A 1968 study estimated the population had grown to 78 individuals spread between two groups (Maples et al. 1976). By the 1980s the macaque population reached nearly 400 animals (Wolfe and Peters 1987). Several trapping efforts between 1984 and 2012 resulted in a removal of approximately 1000 rhesus macaques from SSSP (Wolfe and Peters 1987; Florida DEP Public Records 2013). This removal effort was halted after extensive public controversy. In Fall 2015 there were approximately 190 macaques in SSSP (C.J. Anderson, pers. observation), however there are no current management strategies or population control measures. The cessation of macaque removal has the potential to lead to significant population growth. It is not currently understood how this population growth could impact native species.
Wolfe and Peters (1987) reported the rhesus macaques in SSSP did not consume bird eggs when presented with them. This appeared to contradict evidence collected from other introduced rhesus macaque populations (USFWS 2011). In an effort to reconcile this apparent contradiction, we conducted a study to determine whether rhesus macaques in SSSP would consume bird eggs placed in artificial nests in the natural environment.
**Methods**
**Study site**
The area which is now SSSP became a tourist attraction in the 1870s (DEP 2015). The 4685 acre park was purchased by the state of Florida in 1985 (DEP 2014). It is an IUCN Category V Protected Landscape/Seascape (Hubbard and Judd 2013). The Silver River flows entirely within SSSP before flowing into the Ocklawaha River. During fiscal year 2012–2013 the park attracted approximately 243,080 visitors, contributed approximately $11 million in direct economic input, and provided 179 jobs to the area (DEP 2014). The park contains twenty-one unique natural communities and is home to eighteen endemic and ten endangered plant species (Hubbard and Judd 2013). This diversity of natural communities provides critical habitat for resident and migratory birds, including eight imperiled species (DEP 2014).
Study design
We conducted a study in areas of SSSP known to be occupied by the macaques from April through July 2014, which corresponded with the breeding period of passerine birds in the habitat. We conducted our study in four replicate study sites, one in the estimated range of each of four macaque groups (Fig. 1). While home ranges of each macaque group were unknown, we selected locations where each respective group had been observed at least two times (B. Gottschalk, pers. comm.). Groups were distinguished by location, group size, age/sex composition, and by individuals with unique physical characteristics. Within each study site we marked a 240 m transect every 10 m using flagging tape, for a total of 25 points per transect (100 total in the study). We placed one nest to the right or left of each marked point at a minimum distance of 5 m from the transect; this was done so the flagging tape would not become a visual cue for macaques to locate nests. Each nest was baited with two quail eggs and one clay egg; clay eggs were used because tooth marks left in the clay can assist with identifying nest predators. We used commercially produced, open-cupped artificial (wicker) nests, and placed them in shrubs or trees 0.5–2 m from the ground to represent typical nesting sites of several common shrub-nesting species in the study site [e.g., Northern Cardinal (*Cardinalis cardinalis*), Eastern Towhee (*Pipilo erythrophthalmus*), Northern Mockingbird (*Mimus polyglottos*), Brown Thrasher (*Toxostoma rufum*), White-Eyed Vireo (*Vireo griseus*), Prairie Warbler (*Seiophaga discolor*), Red-Winged Blackbird (*Agelaius phoeniceus*); C. Anderson, pers. observation]. To minimize human scent, we handled the nests with nitrile or latex gloves, left them outdoors for a minimum of three days prior to placing them in the field (Sieving and Willson 1998), and lined the nests with natural materials from the field site to hide the wicker. Nests were left in the field for 12 days, the average
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on native species, which would be useful for managers.
We provide the first confirmation that introduced rhesus macaques are potential nest predators in the continental U.S. Compared to island bird species (e.g., those in Desecheo Island National Wildlife Refuge) that do suffer from introduced macaque nest predation,
Table 3 Logistic regression predicting proportion of nests depredated by macaques by macaque abundance
| | Coefficient | Standard error | $P$ value |
|------------------------|-------------|----------------|-----------|
| Intercept | −3.3478 | 0.5732 | <0.001 |
| Macaque abundance | 0.5596 | 0.1141 | <0.001 |
it is unlikely the common breeding birds in SSSP are experiencing negative population responses to nest mortality at the current rhesus macaque population size and density. Many continental bird communities evolved sympatrically with very diverse nest predators, and in turn they exhibit generalized nest defense strategies (e.g., nest guarding, inconspicuous nest placement, multiple nestings per season); similar nest defense strategies are often lacking in island birds that evolved naïve of native nest predators (Humphrey et al. 1987), making them vulnerable to introduced predators. However, our results clearly show that bird eggs are on the macaque menu in SSSP and that macaque nest depredation may well add to native rates of nest loss. For natural areas with sensitive bird species nesting sympatrically with introduced macaques, especially in areas that are frequented by macaques, the inclusion of nest contents in macaque diets should be of concern to managers. Specific to SSSP, our findings are concerning because the population of rhesus macaques in the park is below carrying capacity and likely rebounding from its current estimated 190 animals upwards, in the direction of the previous high of nearly 400 animals (Wolfe and Peters 1987). It is possible the current population size of rhesus macaques in SSSP is causing minimal environmental impacts, however if allowed to grow uncontrolled, the predatory effects of this population on native birds could become problematic.
Primates pose a unique challenge in invasive species ecology. At least nine macaque species have successfully established populations outside of their native range (Wolfe and Peters 1987; Feild et al. 1997; Dierenfeld and McCann 1999; Lowe et al. 2000; Long 2003). Crab-eating macaques are among the IUCN’s “100 of the World’s Worst Alien Invasive Species” (Lowe et al. 2000). Macaques introduced throughout the world pose various environmental, economic, and human health threats. However, macaques hold cultural and religious significance in many cultures (Radhakrishna et al. 2013) and even in introduced ranges can increase tourism and subsequent revenue for natural areas (Wolfe and Peters 1987). Managers of macaque-introduced habitats must carefully balance ecological considerations with public perceptions of these charismatic, yet potentially destructive animals.
Acknowledgments Research funding was provided by the USDA National Needs Fellowship. We thank the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission for providing field equipment, Sally Lieb and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for allowing us to conduct this research in Silver Springs State Park, Bob Gottschalk for his guidance and volunteer hours on this project, and Dr. Theron Terhune and James Colee for statistical guidance. This project was approved by the University of Florida’s animal ethics committee (IACUC Protocol No. 201308022).
References
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Beck S, Clarke A, Perez L, Feiber D (2008) Florida invaders: A joint publication of the National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/education/upload/2008-Florida-Invaders-For-Web.pdf. Accessed 25 Apr 2015
Department of Environmental Protection (2014) Silver Springs State Park advisory group draft unit management plan amendment. http://www.gainesville.com/assets/pdf/GS2884044.PDF. Accessed 22 May 2015
Department of Environmental Protection Division of Recreation and Parks (2015) Silver Springs State Park. https://www.floridastateparks.org/park-history/silver-springs. Accessed 28 Apr 2015
Dierenfeld ES, Mccann CM (1999) Nutrient composition of selected plant species consumed by semi free-ranging lion-tailed macaques (*Macaca silenus*) and ring-tailed lemurs (*Lemur catta*) on St. Caterines Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Zoo Biol 494(6):481–494
Dinsmore SJ, Dinsmore JJ (2007) Modeling avian nest survival in Program MARK. Stud Avian Biol 34:73–83
Feild JG, Henke SE, Mccoy JG (1997) Depredation on artificial ground nests by Japanese macaques: the unspoken exotic in Texas. Great plains wildlife damage control workshop proceedings, Paper 367. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1366&context=gpwdcwp. Accessed 15 Nov 2014
Florida Department of Environmental Protection Public Records (2013) Macaque capture summary. Unpublished Data
Foden J (2000) Systematic review of the rhesus macaque, *Macaca mulatta* (Zimmermann, 1780). The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois
Hardin S (2007) Managing non-native wildlife in Florida: state perspective, policy and practice. Managing vertebrate invasive species. In: Proceedings of an international symposium, pp 43–52
Hubbard JR, Judd WS (2013) Floristics of Silver River State Park, Marion County, Florida. Rhodora 115:250–280
Hume JP, Walters M (2012) Extinct birds. T & AD Poyser, London
Humphrey PS, Livezey BC, Siegelcausey D (1987) Tameness of birds of the Falkland Islands—an index and preliminary results. Bird Behav 7(2):67–72
Klopfchin JL, Stewart JR, Webster LF, Sandifer PA (2008) Assessment of environmental impacts of a colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (*Macaca mulatta*) on Morgan Island, South Carolina. Environ Monit Assess 137:301–313
Krue C (1996) The inside story on the monkey islands of the Florida Keys. Fla Nat 68:10–11
Long J (2003) Introduced mammals of the world. CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Clayton
Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (2000) 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. Published by The Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission SSC of the World Conservation Union IUCN, 12 pp. http://www.k-state.edu/withlab/consbiol/IUCN_invaders.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2014
Major RE, Kendal CE (1996) The contribution of artificial nest experiments to understanding avian reproductive success: a review of methods and conclusions. Ibis 138(2):298–307
Maples WR, Brown AB, Hutchens PM (1976) Introduced monkey populations at Silver Springs, Florida. Fla Anthropol 29(4):133–136
Radhakrishna S, Huffman M, Sinha A (eds) (2013) The macaque connection. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3967-7
Safford RJ (2011) Nesting success of the Mauritius Fody *Foudia rubra* in relation to its use of exotic trees as nest sites. Ibis 139:555–559
Sieving KE, Willson MF (1998) Nest predation and avian species diversity in northwestern forest understory. Ecology 79(7):2391–2402
Southwick CH, Yongzu Z, Haisheng J, Zhenle L, Wenyuan Q (1996) Population ecology of rhesus macaques in tropical and temperate habitats in China. In: Fa, Linburg (eds) Evolution and ecology of macaque societies. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp 95–105
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services (2008) Environmental assessment: Managing damage and threats associated with invasive patas and rhesus monkeys in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/pdfs/nepa/PR-Monkey_EA-English-FINAL.pdf. Accessed 25 Apr 2016
USFWS Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex, Puerto Rico. (2011) Descecho Island National Wildlife Refuge: Rat eradication to promote ecosystem restoration final environmental assessment. http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/refuges/pdf/DescechoNWR_FinalEA_ENGLISH.pdf. Accessed 12 Sept 2015
Wolfe LD, Peters EH (1987) History the freeranging rhesus monkeys (*Macaca mulatta*) of Silver Springs. Fla Sci 50(4):234–245
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The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine (Revised and Updated Version)
Ivan Katchanovski, Ph.D.
School of Political Studies & Department of Communication
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON
K1N 6N5, Canada
[email protected]
February 20, 2015
Draft
Earlier version of this paper was presented at the Chair of Ukrainian Studies Seminar at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, October 1, 2014.
“Il est défendu de tuer; tout meurtrier est puni, à moins qu’il n’ait tué en grande compagnie, et au son des trompettes; c’est la règle” [It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets; it is the rule]¹ (Voltaire).
---
¹ There was a trumpeter playing during the “snipers’ massacre,” but he came under live ammunition fire from the shooters at the Hotel Ukraina. See Vasil Ponamariov, “Кровавый Расстрел Украинцев На Майдане 20-февраля! Krwawy Rozstrzał Ukraińców na majdanie!” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nx34GTJTIYM.
Abstract
This paper is an updated and revised version of the first academic study on the mass killing of the “Euromaidan” protesters and police in the Maidan area of Kyiv, Ukraine, on February 20, 2014. This massacre is crucial from both political science and politics perspectives because it represented a turning point in Ukrainian politics; in particular, it led to the government’s overthrow and was a tipping point in the escalating conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. The research question is which side was involved in the “snipers’ massacre.” This study relies on the theoretical framework of rational choice and the Weberian theory of rational action. It uses interpretative and content analysis of the following evidence: publicly available videos and photos of the protesters’ massacre, as well as the police and suspected shooters; recordings of live statements by the Maidan announcers; radio intercepts of the Maidan “snipers” and the snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU); ballistic trajectories; eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special unit commanders; public statements by both former and current government officials; the bullets and weapons used; and the types of wounds among both protesters and the police. The paper also includes a brief analysis of other cases of violence during and after “Euromaidan.” This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It presents unreported, suppressed or misrepresented videos and other evidence concerning the involvement of armed groups, leadership elements of far-right organization such as the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland, which were directly or indirectly involved in this massacre in order to seize power, which led to the subsequent government investigation being falsified.
The “Snipers” Massacre Question
The massacre of several dozen Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the escalating conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. The mass killing of the protesters and mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the highly corrupt but democratically elected government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a large-scale violent conflict that continues now in Donbas, in Eastern Ukraine. The conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the Ukrainian media that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the US and other Western governments, as well as the media, at least publicly, without concluding an investigation and without all evidence being considered.\(^1\) For instance, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, in his speech to the US Congress on September 18, 2014, stated that the Yanukovych government’s overthrow resulted from mass peaceful protests against police violence, in particular the killings of more than 100 protesters by snipers on February 20, 2014.\(^2\)
The research question is which side was involved in the “snipers’ massacre.” Related questions include which side broke the truce agreement and killed and wounded protesters and police, and whether this was this was a spontaneous or organized massacre. This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing that led to the escalation of the violent conflict in Ukraine, an overthrow of the government and ultimately a civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Donbas and Crimea, and the annexation of Crimea.
A book-length study of “Euromaidan” offers a generally standard narrative of the massacre and attributes the killings to the government police and security forces, but it also cites a leader of Spilna sprava, a Maidan organization, as saying that one of the snipers was killed at
the Hotel Ukraina.\textsuperscript{3} In contrast, another book on suggests that a theory of the massacre as a false flag operation carried out by elements of the Maidan opposition cannot be dismissed and needs to be researched.\textsuperscript{4}
The governments and mainstream media in the West generally accepted the Maidan narrative of the “snipers’ massacre” as being perpetrated by the government forces on Yanukovych’s order, with possible Russian government involvement, but did not provide evidence of such involvement. These conclusions were mainly based on the manifest content of videos and media reports on the Berkut special company firing live ammunition at unarmed protesters and the absence of similar evidence for armed groups of protesters. The dominant representation of the massacre by governments and the media in the West and Ukraine is a part of the narrative presenting “Euromaidan” as a democratic, peaceful mass-protest movement and a revolution led by pro-Western parties. The role of far-right parties and organizations, such as Svoboda and the Right Sector, is regarded as marginal. The same concerns violence by the Maidan side. Such violence and the presence of arms were represented as marginal, or as in the case of the December 1, 2013, attack of the presidential administration, which was often attributed to provocateurs. In a leaked intercepted telephone call with the EU foreign affairs chief, the Estonian minister of foreign affairs referred to one of the Maidan doctors, in particular Olha Bohomolets, pointing to similarity of the wounds among the protesters and policemen, which served as an indication that the massacre was organized by some elements of the Maidan opposition.\textsuperscript{5} However, EU states and the US government showed little interest in an international investigation of this mass killing and did not release their intelligence assessments and other information that they reportedly have concerning this case.
In contrast, the Russian government and media, as well as ex-president Yanukovych and his top officials, who fled to Russia following the massacre, generally present the mass killing of the police and protesters as a part of fascist coup organized by radical elements of the Maidan opposition and the US government, with help from the Central Intelligence Agency. However, they have not offered any evidence in support of such claims, although the Russian security services likely intercepted telephone call between the EU foreign affairs chief and the Estonian foreign affairs minister.
The snipers’ massacre played a key role in the overthrow of the Yanukovych government, and the Maidan-led government commemorated the massacre and its victims among the protesters with the help of the Ukrainian media, such as by awarding them Hero of Ukraine titles and establishing February 20 as a day in their honor. A large group of investigators was specifically tasked with solving this massacre case, and their investigation involved the interrogations of more than 2,000 people and more than 1,000 ballistic, medical and other expert reports. Therefore, it appeared irrational that the official government investigation—a year since the massacre—failed to reveal evidence and to bring any convictions in such a crucial case.
The investigation of the “snipers’ massacre” by the Prosecutor General Office in Ukraine and by other government agencies, such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Security Service of Ukraine, concluded that commanders and members of a special Berkut company killed 39 out of the 49 protesters who died on February 20. The investigators announced that this was done primarily with AKM assault rifles and hunting ammunition used in their pump rifles, even thought it would have been irrational to use such ammunition because it was unfamiliar and less powerful and precise than their standard Kalashnikov rifles of 7.62mm caliber. At least 25 protesters were killed with 7.62mm caliber bullets, including 16 from AKMS. In addition, at
least 17 protesters were killed with pellets; one by a 9mm bullet from a Makarov gun; and six by other ammunition, such as hunting bullets, but no information about which ammunition killed which protesters was revealed. While the Maidan activists and the Ukrainian media initially claimed that government snipers from the Alfa unit of SBU massacred many protesters, the investigation produced no evidence that they had shot protesters. In the beginning of April 2013, the Prosecutor General Office issued a statement that a Simonov “sniper rifle” was used in the Hotel Ukraina to shoot protesters, even though the Simonov
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http://youtu.be/2IcMmpXhRIw?list=UUKNVK5JFDH4KyPo-y3oF6HQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnY2T9mAyto
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuNT01JmfLw
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-reporter-witnesses-carnage-ukrainian-capital
http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2013/s3949130.htm
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/02/inside-kievs-ukraina-hotel-the-makeshift-hospital-and-morgue/
http://tvi.ua/program/2014/02/25/znak_oklyku_khto_kholodnokrovno_rozstrilyuvav_biyciv_nebesnoyi_sotni
http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/44026041
http://obozrevatel.com/politics/81324-nardep-u-nas-est-video-gde-vidno-kak-snajper-v-forme-berkut-strelyaet-po-berkutu.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdFHNE8WxOA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdFHNE8WxOA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg3R_BSz0Cc; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG_eML5Qh34;
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B_3NUMzt3UCaOE1PUlRBZDdvQlk&usp=sharing&tid=0B_3NUMzt3UCabG9TM3ZQa29YeTQ#list
http://www.unian.net/politics/889175-po-menshey-mere-chetvero-snayperov-rasstrelivali-lyudey-na-maydane-20-fevralya-polskiy-jurnalist.html
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2014/02/inside-kievs-ukraine-hotel-the-makeshift-hospital-and-morgue/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC-KGiKSBNU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdFHNE8WxOA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdFHNE8WxOA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeBMBhuWn6c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsE7lYVa5kk
See, for instance, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWK5yJN96dE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZhfi_ltZok; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SckMtPWECzg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=047FGI4vwhw; http://pleer.com/tracks/9434672tjeS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=047FGI4vwhw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhP8QITWJD8;
http://society.lb.ua/position/2014/03/08/258619_ostanniy_smertniy_biy.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKHnh5Aml84
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U3z72_GuAk; http://1shot1.com/euromaidan-ukraine/#jp-carousel-797
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=047FGI4vwhw
163 http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/ranennaya-devushka-volonter-snayper-strelyal-prednamerenno-499671.html; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW1phz00_8I
164 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=As3nA4r-hA0
165 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vs_4skLlqns; http://www.unian.net/politics/889175-pomenshey-mere-chetvero-snayperov-rasstrelivali-lyudey-na-maydane-20-fevralya-polskiy-jurnalist.html
166 https://mega.co.nz/#/!x940EJCZ!_xgo3mOstwvatJ194GnCJoJBrMIrnrb4wq5L1Z7TCyA
167 https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B_3NUMzt3UCaOE1PUlRBZDdvQlk&usp=sharing&tid=0B_3NUMzt3UCabG9TM3ZQa29YeTQ#list
168 http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/25289662.html;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIBESxqYRmc
169 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEgJ0oo3OA8
170 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2563609/Truce-Kiev-collapses-hours-official-day-mourning-28-people-killed-protests-erupts-violence.html;
http://belsat.eu/en/wiadomosci/a,18065,riot-police-shooting-protesters-in-kyiv-death-toll-rises-video-photo-livestream.html; http://www.polissya.net/politukym/tochka-zory/1600-maidan-notatku-ochevudcia-z-volodumurtsia.html
171 http://www.moskal.in.ua/?categoty=news&news_id=1083
172 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6cpyRwl-ZU
173 http://galinfo.com.ua/news/160224.html
174 http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/25/us-ukraine-crisis-hero-insight-idUSBREA1O0JT20140225
175 http://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/proiisschestvie/m4001/o245156/;
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/03/us-ukraine-crisis-revolution-specialrepo-idUSKCN0lC0W420141103
176 https://mega.co.nz/#/!x940EJCZ!_xgo3mOstwvatJ194GnCJoJBrMIrnrb4wq5L1Z7TCyA’;
https://mega.co.nz/#/h9pWB15AI24DmrBQhFAQB7DVZG_Rhh40BCcUvtgm-5Z_9TMntCo
177 http://moskal.in.ua/?categoty=news&news_id=997
178 http://tvi.ua/program/2014/02/25/pavlo_osychanskyy_i_andriy_suprun_u_okremiy_dumci
179 https://mega.co.nz/#/!NlhF3TDlbzB_N_hpt3buM_kaAYQpS2EsyZRuk-_Zv2LtWH6Y2yYE
See, for instance, http://bambuser.com/v/4585430; http://pravyysektor.info/news/bijtsi-pravoho-sektora-ta-aktyvisty-odesy-vidbyly-napad-prorosijskyh-najmantsiv/
Katchanovski, Ivan (2014). “The Separatist Conflict in Donbas: A Violent Break-Up of Ukraine?” Negotiating Borders: Comparing the Experience of Canada, Europe, and Ukraine, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Edmonton, Canada, October 16–17.
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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters.
• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
• Answer all the questions.
• Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer.
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided. Additional paper may be used if necessary but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s).
• Do not write in the barcodes.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
• The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with a pencil ( ).
• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
• The total number of marks for this paper is 60.
• This document consists of 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
• The Periodic Table is printed on the back page.
• A list of qualitative tests for ions is printed on page 2.
## Qualitative analysis
### Tests for ions with a positive charge
| Ion | Test | Observation |
|-----------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| calcium | add dilute sodium hydroxide | a white precipitate forms; the precipitate does not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide |
| Ca$^{2+}$ | | |
| copper | add dilute sodium hydroxide | a light blue precipitate forms; the precipitate does not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide |
| Cu$^{2+}$ | | |
| iron(II) | add dilute sodium hydroxide | a green precipitate forms; the precipitate does not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide |
| Fe$^{2+}$ | | |
| iron(III) | add dilute sodium hydroxide | a red-brown precipitate forms; the precipitate does not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide |
| Fe$^{3+}$ | | |
| zinc | add dilute sodium hydroxide | a white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide |
| Zn$^{2+}$ | | |
### Tests for ions with a negative charge
| Ion | Test | Observation |
|-----------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| carbonate | add dilute acid | the solution effervesces; carbon dioxide gas is produced (the gas turns lime water from colourless to milky) |
| CO$_3^{2-}$| | |
| chloride | add dilute nitric acid, then add silver nitrate | a white precipitate forms |
| Cl$^-$ | | |
| bromide | add dilute nitric acid, then add silver nitrate | a cream precipitate forms |
| Br$^-$ | | |
| iodide | add dilute nitric acid, then add silver nitrate | a yellow precipitate forms |
| I$^-$ | | |
| sulfate | add dilute acid, then add barium chloride or barium nitrate | a white precipitate forms |
| SO$_4^{2-}$| | |
Question 1 begins on page 4
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
1 The properties of Group 1 metals change down the group.
(a) The table shows information about some Group 1 metals.
| Group 1 metal | Melting point in °C | Boiling point in °C |
|---------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| lithium | 181 | 1342 |
| sodium | 98 | 883 |
| potassium | 63 | 759 |
(i) How do the melting points and boiling points change down Group 1?
.................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Rubidium comes below potassium in Group 1.
Rubidium is a solid at room temperature (20°C).
Predict the melting point and boiling point of rubidium.
melting point........................................... °C boiling point........................................... °C
[2]
(b) Potassium reacts with water.
potassium
water
(i) What do you see when potassium reacts with water?
.................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The reaction makes potassium hydroxide.
What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
KOH KH₂ K₂O PO
[1]
(c) Potassium is flammable.
(i) Which hazard symbol shows that a chemical is flammable?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
[1]
(ii) What safety precautions should be taken when using potassium?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
2 Helium is an element. It has the symbol He.
(a) The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.
(i) Which element is likely to have similar properties to helium?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
Ar F H Li
(ii) Which element is in the same period as helium?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
Ar F H Li
(iii) The proton number of helium is 2.
Which element has a proton number of 3?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
Ar F H Li
(iv) The diagram shows part of the structure of an argon atom.
Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of the rest of the electrons in an argon atom.
nucleus contains 18 protons
(b) Helium was discovered when scientists noticed lines in the spectrum of light from the Sun.
Janssen and Lockyer were two scientists who collected evidence and suggested ideas about helium.
**Janssen, August 1868**
**EVIDENCE:** Scientists already know that the spectrum of sodium has lines in the yellow part of the spectrum like this.
I have looked at this part of the spectrum from the Sun. It looks similar to the spectrum of sodium. It has lines like this. They are all close together in the yellow part of the spectrum.
**JANSSEN’S IDEA:** I think that I have found a new line in the spectrum of sodium.
**Lockyer, October 1868**
**EVIDENCE:** I have checked Janssen’s work. I have found that the yellow part of the Sun’s spectrum has lines like this.
I have checked the spectrum from pure sodium in the laboratory. The spectrum from the pure sodium only has lines in the yellow part of the spectrum like this.
**LOCKYER’S IDEA:** I think that this shows that there must be another element in the Sun. I am going to call this new element ‘helium’.
The two scientists collected evidence and suggested ideas.
Use the information to show:
- the similarities and differences between the two scientists’ work
- how the evidence supports each of the scientist’s ideas.
The quality of written communication will be assessed in your answer.
3 Silver-coloured coins contain a mixture of copper and nickel.
(a) Copper for making coins can be extracted from different copper compounds.
The table shows information about the copper compounds, A, B, C and D.
| Compound | Formula of copper compound | Atoms in the formula | Relative formula mass of compound |
|----------|----------------------------|----------------------|----------------------------------|
| A | CuO | 1 copper atom
1 oxygen atom | 63.5 + 16 = 79.5 |
| B |............... | 1 copper atom
1 sulfur atom | 95.5 |
| C | CuFeS₂ | 1 copper atom
1 iron atom
2 sulfur atoms | 183.5 |
| D | CuCl₂ | 1 copper atom
2 chlorine atoms |........................................... |
(i) Complete the table by filling in the boxes.
Use these relative atomic masses to help you.
| Atom | Relative atomic mass |
|----------|----------------------|
| copper | 63.5 |
| iron | 56 |
| sulfur | 32 |
| oxygen | 16 |
| chlorine | 35.5 |
(ii) Mineral A contains copper oxide.
Copper metal is extracted from copper oxide in a reduction reaction.
What happens in a reduction reaction?
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2..................................................................................................................................
(b) Which two properties of aluminium are important for cooking foil?
Choose properties from the table.
1..................................................................................................................................
2..................................................................................................................................
(c) Aluminium can be worked into different shapes easily.
Which word describes this property?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
hard malleable shiny strong
[1]
(d) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound.
It has to be melted to make the electrolysis work.
(i) What happens when aluminium oxide melts?
Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct answer.
- an exothermic reaction begins
- the process makes water
- crystals form
- the ions start to move around
(ii) The final products of the extraction are solid aluminium metal and oxygen gas.
Draw straight lines to link each product to its correct formula and its correct state symbol.
| formula | product | state symbol |
|---------|-----------------------|--------------|
| Al | | (s) |
| A | solid aluminium metal | |
| ALU | | (l) |
| O | oxygen gas | (g) |
| O₂ | | (aq) |
| 2O | | |
(e) Most other metals can be extracted by heating their oxides with carbon.
It is not possible to extract aluminium by heating aluminium oxide with carbon.
Explain why.
5 Zak works for a company that makes salts.
The company has a factory beside a river.
Part of Zak’s job is to check that the factory does not affect the pH of the water in the river.
(a) Zak measures the pH of the water from the river before it flows past the factory.
Explain why he does this.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Zak plans to take other samples of water from the river to find out if the factory affects the pH of the river.
What should Zak consider when planning to take more samples?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) What could Zak use to test the pH of a sample of water?
Put a tick (✓) in the boxes next to the two correct answers.
pH meter
dilute sodium chloride
litmus paper
universal indicator solution
dilute potassium hydroxide
[1]
(d) Zak finds that all of the water samples are slightly acidic.
Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the best explanation for this.
A substance in the water produces H⁺ ions.
A substance in the water produces OH⁻ ions.
A substance in the water produces H⁻ ions.
A substance in the water produces OH⁺ ions.
There are too many negative ions in the water.
[1]
(e) Some of the salts that the factory makes are sulfates.
Zak wants to test the water samples to find out if they contain sulfate ions.
Describe the test and result for sulfate ions.
Use the Data Sheet on page 2 to help you.
test:..................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
result:................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
6 A company makes bath crystals.
People like to put bath crystals into their bathwater.
(a) The company makes large, dry crystals from solutions of salts dissolved in water.
Describe how to make large, dry crystals from a solution that contains salts.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) A team of scientists researches the health benefits of using salts in bathwater.
They find that the salts help to relieve some aches and pains.
This is what one of the scientists says:
I think we should publish our research about health benefits because other scientists could read it.
Why do scientists publish their research for other scientists to read?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
7 Eve investigates the rate of reaction when a metal reacts with dilute acid.
(a) Eve makes sure that the test is fair by using metal pieces of the same size in each experiment. Explain why the results change if she uses different sized pieces of metal.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) What is the name of the gas that is made when a metal reacts with an acid?
Put a (ring) around the correct answer.
carbon dioxide hydrogen methane nitrogen oxygen
[1]
(c) Eve does more experiments using five different metals. In each experiment she reacts a metal with dilute hydrochloric acid. She records the time taken to make $10\text{cm}^3$ gas. She also measures the temperature change.
The table shows Eve’s results.
| Metal | Time taken to make $10\text{cm}^3$ gas in seconds | Temperature increase during reaction in °C |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| zinc | 11 | 4 |
| magnesium | 8 | 5 |
| copper | no gas made | 0 |
| iron | 16 | 2 |
| calcium | 6 | 8 |
The Periodic Table of the Elements
| Key | relative atomic mass | atomic symbol | name | atomic (proton) number |
|-----|----------------------|---------------|------|------------------------|
| 7 | Li lithium | 9 | Be beryllium | 4 |
| | Na sodium | 23 | Mg magnesium | 12 |
| | K potassium | 39 | Ca calcium | 20 |
| | Rb rubidium | 85 | Sr strontium | 38 |
| | Cs caesium | 133 | Ba barium | 56 |
| | Fr francium | [223] | Ra radium | 87 |
| | 24 | Mg magnesium | 11 | 40 Ca calcium | 21 |
| | 19 | K potassium | 37 | 40 Ca calcium | 20 |
| | 85 | Rb rubidium | 55 | 137 Cs caesium | 55 |
| | 23 | Na sodium | 39 | 133 Cs caesium | 56 |
| | 88 | Fr francium | 87 | 226 Ra radium | 88 |
| | 22 | Ti titanium | 40 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 21 | Sc scandium | 39 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 57 | La lanthanum | 57 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 227 | Ac actinium | 89 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 226 | Rf rutherfordium | 104 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 104 | Db dubnium | 104 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 105 | Bh bohrium | 105 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 108 | Hs hassium | 108 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 110 | Mt mendelevium | 109 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
| | 111 | Ds darmstadtium | 110 | 178 Hf hafnium | 72 |
* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.
The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully authenticated.
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City of Bellevue, Washington
Walk & Roll:
2007 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Plan
Public Involvement Report—Part 2
Community Outreach Executive Summary
The network of facility recommendations referenced in the City of Bellevue’s 2007/2008 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Plan are the product of extensive public outreach, background research, inter-agency coordination, and detailed field work. By documenting the thoughts and suggestions raised by knowledgeable citizens, this report aims to provide the City with valuable insight into transportation issues that affect pedestrians and bicyclists.
The first community outreach report, which the Commission received in September along with the first draft of the updated network plan, summarized the months of public input – March to September 2007 – leading up to the release of the draft network plan on September 27, 2007. The first report documented the community’s input vis-à-vis public events, the city’s online survey effort, focus group sessions, and an internet-based photo-sharing website. Community input at this phase of the planning process was instrumental in helping the city formulate the draft network of facilities needed to improve non-motorized transportation in Bellevue.
This document summarizes the months of community input on the draft network plan project list that were received from September 2007 to February 2008. The community feedback received from this second phase of outreach prompted numerous rounds of public and staff consultation, field assessments, and technical evaluation. The updated network plan that the Commission will be reviewing in March reflects this work.
Refining the Draft Network Plan
**Public Involvement**
- East Bellevue Community Council 10/2/2007
- Walk for Life @ Bellevue Square 10/3/2007
**Network Refinements**
- Design the Network
- Evaluate and Select Routes
- Select Appropriate Design Treatments
- Design Bicyclist / Pedestrian Type of Roadway
- Traffic Operations
- Traffic Volume
- Traffic Mix
- Sight Distance
- Car Speed
- Parking
- Evaluate Finished Network Plan
- Recycle to network design above if inadequacies are found
**Staff Re-Assessment**
- Field Assessments
- Collision
- Speed Limit
- Traffic Volume
- Arterial Type
- Land Use
More than 500 people attended these various events; providing both verbal and written communications.
Bellevue Reporter Article on Project and Open Houses
Bellevue ready to ‘Walk and Roll’ with pedestrian, bike plan
By CARRIE WOOD
Staff Writer
After months of public input, Bellevue city staff have unveiled the draft of a $12 million improvement to 188 miles of bicycle pathways, 85 miles of sidewalk and 45 miles of trails throughout the city.
With suggestions obtained from more than 1,000 people via focus groups and online surveys, the staff has been working on Walk and Roll, an update to the city’s 1999 Pedestrian and Bicycle Plan.
“The public is interested in seeing us close the gaps,” said Frank Loewenherz, senior transportation planner for the Transportation Department. “There are a lot of places that abruptly stop and leave the pedestrian or cyclist stranded and needing a connection.”
The most frequently cited areas that need improvements were West Lake Sammamish Parkway, the 520 Trail near Northeast Northrup Way and Interstate 405 near the intersection of Northeast Eighth Street and 112th Avenue Northeast.
In identifying those areas where pedestrian and bicycling improvements are needed, Loewenherz said the city has taken into consideration a number of variables including data from speed limits, collisions, arterial characteristics and traffic volumes.
“There’s not a one-size-fits-all facility,” he said. “In a neighborhood where you have on-street parking, where traffic volumes are low, where the speeds are low, putting in a wide sidewalk and a dedicated bike lane and kicking on-street parking off, doesn’t make sense.”
Upcoming Walk & Roll open houses
- Oct. 15: Noon, Special Olympics Washington in collaboration with Sea-Mar Community Health Center, North Bellevue Community Center meeting room, 4063 148th Ave. N.E.
- Oct. 16: 6:30 a.m., Crossroads Mall Bellevue Mini City Hall, 15600 N.E. Eighth St.
- Oct. 17: 10:30 a.m., Marketplace @ Factoria, 4075 Factoria Blvd. S.E.
- Oct. 22: 6 p.m., City Council Chambers, 1st floor, Bellevue City Hall, 450 110th Ave. N.E.
- Oct. 23: 6:45 p.m., Eastside Runners Club, Rainier Villagegate Library, 42115 N.E. 143rd, Kirkland
- Oct. 25: 6:30 p.m., Transportation Commission, Room 1E-113, Bellevue City Hall, 450 110th Ave. N.E.
- Nov. 7: at 10 a.m., Chinese Speaking Residents Center, Bellevue Chinese Information and Service Center, North Bellevue Community Center meeting room, 4063 148th Ave. N.E.
If you have any questions, comments, or for more information, contact the project manager, Frank Loewenherz at [email protected] or 425-452-4077.
As the Council appointed steering committee to the plan update, the Transportation Commission provided the public with a number of opportunities for formal petitions and communications on the 2007/2008 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Plan. More than 30 people attending the following Transportation Commission meetings provided public testimony: October 11, October 25, and November 29.
Public workshops were particularly effective in involving persons with limited English proficiency in Bellevue. As a recipient of Federal financial assistance, the City strives to reach out to these populations, a requirement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Through three different workshops – targeting Spanish, Russian, and Chinese language speakers – the city afforded these population groups meaningful access to the planning process. At each of these workshops, translators were provided and the locations selected were convenient and known to the targeted demographic groups. Over 10 written comments cards were submitted and translated as part of this outreach effort.
Staff were also invited to make presentations on the plan to a number of special interest organizations, including: Compton Green Homeowner’s Association, Eastside Runners Group, Bridle Trails Community Club, Network on Aging, etc. Input from these diverse organizations helped staff ensure that the plan recommendations appropriately represented the variety of opinions in the city. In a number of cases, these organizations - Cascade Bicycle Club, Bicycle Alliance of Washington, Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust – crafted a formal letter outlining their perspective on the plan process. Over ten formal letters were submitted by various organizations and individual members of the public during the planning process.
Public open houses held at each of the three major malls in Bellevue – Bellevue Square, Factoria, and Crossroads – provided staff with unique access to a broad constituency of residents. Flyers were provided to attendees at these events directing them to the project website and the interactive maps; through which the bulk of communications on the draft network plan were received. Approximately 80 email comments were sent to the City of Bellevue during the planning process. In a number of cases, each of the emails and formal letters were endorsed by a broader constituency of members.
The petitions and communications at Transportation Commission meetings, open house comment cards, emails, and formal letters are all included in this report. **Staff are very appreciative of the extensive time commitment numerous citizens provided in support of this effort.**
Interactive Maps
To provide interested citizens numerous opportunities to inform the planning process, staff implemented an interactive mapping system that allows the public to view and comment on proposals to improve Bellevue’s network of bikeways, sidewalks, and trails http://www.bellevuewa.gov/pedbike/. This technology-based strategy was well used by the public; over 510 comments were generated from this interface (from November 2007 through February 2008).
Screenshots of Interactive Maps
Summary of Key Messages Received
Given the variety of engagement strategies employed, and volume of input received, staff have attempted to summarize the key messages from this second round of outreach.
Trails projects
The majority of trail project recommendations identified in the draft network plan are contained in the Bridle Trails subarea. This community submitted hundreds of comments through letters, emails, the interactive map, in meetings, and in formal public testimony.
The various plats within Bridle Trails establish either public or private equestrian trails throughout the neighborhood. The trails provide a network of connections to and from the adjacent state park. An inventory of the plats and existing trails was conducted by the city in 1988, the results of which were mapped in 1996, after field verification of some of the trails indicated on the plats. The inventory reveals that there are six kinds of trails in the area:
- Developed¹ private trails benefiting only specified property owners
- Undeveloped private trails benefiting only specified property owners
- Developed public trails actively maintained by the City of Bellevue
- Developed public trails maintained either by routine use or by underlying property owner
- Undeveloped public trails
- "Social" trails, not dedicated on the face of any plat or otherwise formally created
The existing 1999 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Plan contains support for conversion of private trails for public
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There is not enough traffic in the area to necessitate sidewalks and fog lines – and on both sides, I don’t think so. I walk the dog, and don’t have a problem with traffic at all. If you have to spend the money, then one side and not the other or how about a traffic circle at 36th and 131st – it’s the people cutting through a quiet neighbor – eliminate their convenience. They don’t want to deal with the traffic light at 24th and 132. |
| S-872 | We live at 13028 NE 32nd Place (on the affected street) and are totally in favor of adding sidewalks here. The streets here are curvy & hilly and with all the walkers in the neighborhood (school kids, families…) it’s a no brainer to try to provide a safer place for them to travel on foot. |
| S-872 | This is a terrible idea. Compton Green is a unique and special place in Bellevue; the woody and natural character of the place is wonderful and your sidewalk proposal would ruin it. If you are concerned about pedestrian safety, put in speed bumps on 131st. Please do not do this! If we absolutely must have sidewalks, we should have one, on one side of the street, and it should be 3 foot wide or less, and made of bark, not concrete. |
| S-872 | Compton Green like much of the Bridle Trails area is a unique community within a rapidly urbanizing Bellevue. It is set apart by its heavily wooded landscape which has been recognized and given special protection by recently enacted city ordinances strengthening tree preservation and renewal requirements. A key component of the areas unique rural character is the very absence of sidewalks which so typically help to define urbanization. Having now lived for more than twenty years in the area targeted for sidewalk improvements I can attest that there are not more than 20 or so pedestrians a day that might use such walkways. We are fortunate that our streets are generously wide, our residents very respectful in their driving habits and the route is generally free of use by non-resident drivers as a bypass or cut-through. Further I am unaware of any issues of safety, personal welfare or incidents of injury that over the last two decades the absence of sidewalks has created. I know that Bellevue is to be commended for its sensitivity to the preservation of green space and its resistance to “the paving of America”. In conclusion I suggest that this planned “improvement” is unnecessary, not demanded by public safety concerns and is esthetically destructive of a
singularly distinctive country-like haven in what has become a burgeoning metropolitan area.
- **S-894:** Add a 5 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide fogline on both sides of SE 16th Street from 104th Avenue SE to 108th Avenue SE
| S-894 | Desperately needed where people walk to Bellevue Way, especially to catch the bus there. It's steep with poor visibility. Sidewalks would be much safer! |
- **S-896:** Add a 6 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide planter strip on one side of 108th Avenue SE from Bellevue Way SE to SE 34th Street where not complete
| S-896 | Great project! It's been needed for a long time. |
- **S-926:** Add an 8 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide planter strip along the west side of 110th Avenue from NE 6th Street to Main Street where not complete
| S-926 | The section from Main St. to NE 2nd is badly needed. The existing trees should be preserved and the sidewalk cut into what is now the Toys R Us parking lot and side road, which is about 3 to 4 feet above the elevation of the road. There are also manholes where the sidewalk would go along this section that could be accommodated during construction of the sidewalk. The biggest problem in this area is that the traffic light that was installed at Main and 110th Ave. was set to block pedestrians crossing Main to the east side of 110th Avenue in order to prioritize vehicles turning from 110th east onto Main. In addition, the wait time delay on the west side is ridiculously long on west side. This setup strongly encourages unsafe jay walking to cross Main Street. This is just one of many examples of how the City prioritizes vehicle traffic flow over pedestrian access. |
- **S-938.1:** Add a 6 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide planter strip on both sides of the Lake Washington View Trail (Shoreland Drive SE) from Shorland Place to SE 5th Street
| S-938.1 | This should be considered a very high priority project as it is being used by many people all the time. It is challenging enough to walk in darkness on a narrow roadway, and if you add the fact that there is no street lights, no sidewalk on either side, and a very curvy, steep and narrow roadway, it is indeed a very dangerous experience. Some street lights are definitely needed. If not enough width for the proposed design, you should consider to remove the landscape strip. |
- **S-938.2:** Add a 6 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide planter strip on both sides of 97th Place SE, 100th Avenue SE, SE 25th Street, 104th Avenue SE, SE 28th Street, 105th Avenue SE, SE 30th Street and 106th Avenue SE from SE 11th Street to 108th Avenue SE where n
| S-938.2 | Sidewalks would be good on these streets; however, I think one side would be adequate on many and maybe without a planter strip where it's narrow and/or steep such as 97th/Killarney Way. |
- **S-944:** Add a 5 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide fogline on both sides of 109th Avenue SE, SE 4th Street, 111th Avenue SE and SE 4th Street from NE 2nd Street to 112th Avenue SE
| S-944 | This is great. I wasn't expecting a sidewalk improvement in Surrey Downs, where I live. My only comment is that the section going on SE 4th Ave from 109th to 112th isn't where there is nearly as much of a safety problem as 109th itself. The section of 109th Ave SE between SE 2nd and SE 11th is a long straight road with no stop signs. People frequently go 30 mph or higher and there are cars parked on both sides of the street. This makes walking w/ my family very dangerous. The section on 4th isn't as busy, so I would have put priority on 109th Ave SE between 2nd & 11th. In the absence of sidewalks, can you at least look into putting stop signs in at SE 4th and SE 6th to slow people down? Thanks!! |
|---|---|
| S-982: Add a 6 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide planter strip on both sides of SE 34th Street from 162nd Avenue SE to West Lake Sammamish Parkway | We'd like sidewalks linking W. Lake Sam to Eastgate Way along 34th, 35th, 37th. We need to be able to get to the busses. We had to drive our kids to school in high school because we rely on Metro Transit and it was not safe to walk to the bus in the morning, to say nothing of it being a 40 minute ride to go 4 miles. (plus walk time to bus stop and waiting in the rain at 6:30 in the morning.) What's going on in Bellevue? Now without a car, you can't go anywhere. Sidewalks are essential. More convenient bus service would help. |
| S-991.1: Add a 5 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide fogline along the north side of SE 6th Street from 100th Avenue SE to Bellevue Way SE where not complete | I can't imagine why a sidewalk in this block is included, and a sidewalk in the block of NE 5th St between 99th Ave NE and 100th Ave NE is not. The block on NE 5th St is a major ped thoroughfare to Bel Square and downtown. The right of way on three fourths of this block have been encroached on by a drainage ditch and property owner uses. It is unsafe because peds and cars must use the center of the street. |
| WT-2.2: Add a 10-14 foot-wide off street path along the south side of NE 2nd Street from 124th Avenue NE to 128th Ave NE | Excellent idea to make walking up and down the hill so much safer than it is today. Are the homeowners on the south side of the street comfortable with the width of the path? They've put so much work over so many years into their yards. If they agree, this is certainly a wonderful improvement for people who walk in this neighborhood. Thanks! |
| WT-3: Add a 6 foot wide sidewalk and a 4 foot wide planter strip on both sides of 118th Avenue SE from Main Street to the Botanical Garden frontage where not complete | Great safety improvement! Thanks! This has gotten very busy and is not good for walking. |
| WT-3 | A few years back I walked from 116 Av. NE to Botanical Gardens. I think I was on MAIN St.? It was very dangerous because no sidetalks and much traffic. I had to walk back at night after viewing the Winter Lights to catch a bus. PLEASE add sidewalks and lighted-signage for seniors/handicapped/blind users. |
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Los Alamos Sportsmen’s Club Policy Statement
SUBJECT: Use of Rifle Caliber Ammunition in the Pistol Bays – May, 2022
Background
Historically the use of rifle caliber ammunition, with the exception of.22 LR, has been prohibited in any of the LASC pistol bays. However, it has been recently demonstrated, under strict control, that carbine matches using rifle caliber ammunition can be conducted in a safe, responsible manner. As such, the LASC Board of Directors has approved an updated policy regarding expanded use of rifle caliber ammunition in the pistol bays under strict range officer/safety officer (RO/SO) direction and control.
Policy
Effective immediately, the limited use of rifle caliber ammunition is approved for the following types of events:
- Rifle or carbine competitions or matches that are controlled by experienced match directors, SOs/ROs, or other authorized persons.
- “Control” is defined by one RO/SO per shooter on the course of fire.
- Rifle/carbine style training by independent contractors and/or approved club training events by authorized persons.
- In addition to the controls listed below, training is limited static “marksmanship” events.
- Tactical type training that requires movement or shooting on the move is prohibited in the pistol pits.
- The LASC training coordinator will inform trainers of the restrictions on use of rifle caliber ammunition before training is approved.
- Law enforcement (LE) rifle/carbine marksmanship training/qualification.
- In addition to the controls listed below, LE training is limited static “marksmanship” events.
- Tactical type training by law enforcement that requires movement or shooting on the move is prohibited in the pistol pits.
Los Alamos Sportsmen’s Club Policy Statement
The requirements and limitations for these events include:
- LE and other training events involving rifle calibers are authorized in **Alpha Pistol Bay ONLY**.
- Use of rifle caliber ammunition is **prohibited** in bays Bravo, Charlie, Delta, and Echo.
- Matches may use bays Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and Delta **provided the entire pistol range is closed** for the event.
- Authorized calibers are limited to:
-.223 (Also known as NATO 5.56 X 45)
- 300 Blackout
- 5.45 X 39
- 7.62 X 39 and
-.308 (Also known as 7.62 X 51)
- Brass, spent cases, live rounds, or misfired rounds must be policed and removed from the range at the completion of an event.
- Brass, spent cases, live rounds, or misfired rounds must not be left in brass buckets or trash bins on the pistol bays.
- Bullets may only impact the back berm.
- Shooting into the side berms is **prohibited**.
- Shooting steel targets with rifle caliber ammunition is **prohibited** in all pistol bays.
- During matches each shooter is under direct/strict control of the RO/SO that can take action in the event of an unsafe act.
- During static marksmanship training, one RO/SO may supervise/control up to 5 shooters.
It is recommended that this policy be reviewed annually.
/s/ Thomas P. Turner, LASC President; April 7,
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The exponential increase in distributed functions and bus communications, since the 2002 BMW E65 7 series, makes it imperative that service technicians fully understand bus system components, operation, protocols, and topography. It is only with a solid comprehension that an effective diagnostic strategy can be formulated.
- Learn to identify the different Bus System Architectures used on BMW and Mini vehicles:
- Single wire (K protocol, LIN and BSD)
- Two wire (High and Low speed CAN protocol, Flexray)
- Optical (MOST and Byteflight)
- Ethernet protocol
- Scan Tool no communication - where do you start?
- A systematic diagnostic approach/routine for each of the systems.
- Differentiating the symptoms between module failure and harness defects
- Bus system waveform analysis and diagnostic procedures demonstrated
- Essential diagnostic tools
1 DAY CLASS
DATE: Saturday, August 10th, 2019
TIME: 8 am - 5 pm
CLASS ID: SEM1650
INSTRUCTOR: Eric Scharping
LOCATION: Hilton Garden Inn
765 Airport Boulevard
Burlingame, CA 94010
(650) 347-7800
COST: $325 per student (meals included)
Register at www.worldpac.com under Technical Training Seminar or call your WORLDPAC associate at 1-800-888-9982
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Bold Hearts Team Description
RoboCup 2016 Kid Size
Sander G. van Dijk, Daniel Polani, Marcus Scheunemann, and Daniel Barry
Adaptive Systems Research Group
School of Computer Science
University of Hertfordshire, UK
Abstract. In this paper we describe the RoboCup Humanoid Kid Size division of team Bold Hearts, the RoboCup team of the University of Hertfordshire, in Hatfield UK. We discuss construction and aspects of our software architecture, as well as some of our solutions to important problems such as action selection, vision, stability, and sensorimotor modeling. Finally, we provide an overview of the relevant experience and achievements of our team.
1 Team and Robots
Team Bold Hearts, from the Adaptive Systems Research Group at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, has participated in RoboCup since 2002. Initially solely in the simulation leagues, we spread out to the kid-size humanoid hardware league in 2013. Up to the World Championship of 2015 in Hefei, China, we have used the standard DARwin-OP robotic platform to make up our robotic team. To keep up with the changing and more challenging environment that the team has to play in these years, we started work to firstly adapt the DARwin-OP framework, and secondly to extend our team with whole new robots.
The main facilitator in these efforts is the use of 3D printing technology. This allows us to rapidly prototype alterations to a robot’s body parts and develop new platforms. In this light we have opted to base the extension of our team on the Hambot platform[1]. With the possibility to print all major body parts, and to reuse a large amount of DARwin-OP parts, we felt that this platform will allow us to grow in the league fastest.
Together with the original developers, the Hamburg Bit-Bots, we have submitted a proposal for RoboCup Federation Support, to help further developing this open platform, and equip it with a complete open software and behaviour framework in order to lower the threshold for other teams to use and benefit from this platform even further. We are very happy that our proposal has been accepted by the RCF Evaluation Committee and we look very much forward to be able to continue this and present the results at the World Championship in Leipzig, 2016.
Algorithm 1 EXECUTEOPTION
Require: $<\mathcal{I}, \pi, \beta>$
1: repeat
2: Observe current state $s$
3: Select sub-option $o \in \mathcal{I}$ according to probability distribution $\pi(s, \cdot)$
4: EXECUTEOPTION($o$)
5: until $\beta(s) \geq U(0, 1)$
2 Behaviour and Action Selection
In this section we will discuss our behavioural framework, which has grown out of the experience obtained in the simulation league where the focus lies heavily on this aspect of the RoboCup challenge. From this experience we have extracted some properties that a useful behaviour framework should have: it should be highly modular so separate parts can be developed in parallel, different pieces of behaviour can easily be reused, and behavioural solutions with different implementations can be interchanged; it must be as nonrestrictive as possible, as not to hit future limitations; hierarchy is important, to be able to build up complexity over time; and finally it must directly enable the use of well developed machine learning techniques.
Our behavioural framework is based on the so-called Options model[12]. The final outcome of a behavioural framework is the selection of primitive actions: actions that are instantaneously executed, usually once per some defined time step, or think cycle. In our scenario these actions consist of direct motor control, or acts of communication. More complex behaviour however consists of tightly connected series of such basic actions, and to make such behaviour feasible it must be described in the form of higher levels of abstraction. An option is such a higher level abstraction of an action, specifically forming an abstraction over time: an option is not necessarily instantaneous, it can be active over a length of time.
Formally, an option is described by three components: an initiation set $\mathcal{I}$ that determines in what states the option can be selected; a policy $\pi$ that describes the action selection when this option is selected; and a termination condition $\beta$ that (stochastically) determines when the option ends. The case where the policy directly selects primitive actions amounts to a single level of abstraction. However, one can also allow the selection of other sub-options, incurring a recursion that forms an unlimited hierarchy. Finally, primitive actions can be modelled as options that always terminated after one step, ensuring we an use a single structure throughout the whole hierarchy. Algorithm 1 lists the full process of executing an option.
The Option model was first formulated in the context of Reinforcement Learning, and has been used and further developed in that area of research extensively for the last 15 years [9,6,7,11], which will allow us to apply and further develop this work in the context of RoboCup. However, the framework is abstract enough to allow for a multitude of implementations of the options. For
instance, the ubiquitous finite state machine is, in our framework, implemented as an option where the policy is determined by the state of the machine, and the termination condition is triggered by the state machine transiting into some final state. Other action selection mechanisms such as artificial neural nets or decision trees fit into this framework just as easily.
3 Vision
The vision system provides some of the most critical data for building the agent’s belief about the state of its environment. One problem is to be able to process large amounts of vision data in real time on limited computational platforms. To overcome this, in previous years we developed a sampling technique that applies a uniform spacing across the ground plane relative to the agent. Consequently the greatest pixel density is maintained at great distances, while sparse sampling occurs in the foreground where objects are largest on the camera plane. Due to this, and further optimisation of our vision stack, our robots are able to fully process 640x480 pixels within 4ms.
The second problem is that of correctly recognising the environment from this vision data. This problem has become harder in the Humanoid league due to a move away from colour coded environments to more realistic football scenarios. This means we have to develop a new process that is more based on shape and appearance.
The first stage of this process is still similar to the popular traditional methods based on colour segmentation: a number of colour classes are defined and trained, which are used to classify pixels that are sampled. Pixels in the same colour class are then segmented into connected components using a fast run-length encoding method.
In contrast to earlier years however there is no 1-to-1 mapping from colour class to object class: the ball, goal posts and lines are all white. Under certain lighting conditions and with specific materials used at a venue it may be possible to separate some of these classes using the Round Table training tool described above, but most likely at least some will overlap. In this case the connected components are tested and finally classified using shape and position based predicates such as roundness, expected size given robot posture, vertical orientation, and whether or not there are intersections with the visible field edge and/or horizon. The run-length encoding method allows most of these properties to be determined in a single scan of the image, as well as to indicate discontinuities where a connected component should be split up into multiple objects (e.g. where long runs from horizontal field lines connect to vertical goal posts).
4 Stability
Maintaining balance and stability is another problem that has become much more prominent these years, due to the use of artificial turf as playing surface. The robots are no longer able to rely on a relatively hard and stable flat ground.
Firstly, the robots must be able to judge the current stability. For this, we previously implemented a method to fuse measurements of the tri-axes gyroscope and the accelerometer to keep track of the orientation of the robot, using a gradient descent based algorithm [8]. This algorithm operates by integrating changes in orientation as measured by the robot’s gyroscope, corrected by evidence of the orientation measured by the accelerometer, all represented by quaternions:
\[
q_{est} = \gamma q_\omega + (1 - \gamma) q_\nabla,
\]
where \( q_\omega \) is the orientation derived from the gyroscope, \( q_\nabla \) is the orientation found by performing a gradient descent step, and \( \gamma \in [0, 1] \) is a trade-off parameter. It turns out that a single gradient descent step at each cycle, rather than performing steps until convergence which would be too expensive, is sufficient to minimise the error over time [8].
Another indicator of stability can be the centre of pressure (COP) as measured by sensors in the feet: the further away from the centre of the support polygon, the less stable the robot is. There are FSR based foot sensors available for the DARwIn-OP platform, however it is expensive to equip the full team with these (we currently have 1 robot using such sensors), and additionally the degree of instability can no longer be judged when the COP is at the edge of the support polygon. Therefore we work on developing a method based on the rate of change of angular momentum[2] to reduce full body rotation, which results in the derivation of a stability reference point similar to the COP (or Zero Moment Point) solely from the smoothing orientation tracking algorithm and the high frequency dynamics measured by the IMU.
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EMT elbow is manufactured from prime EMT conduit in accordance with the latest specifications and standards of ANSI C80.3(UL797).
The interior and exterior surfaces of elbows are free from defect with a smooth welded seam, and also are thoroughly and evenly coated with zinc with hot dip galvanizing process, so that metal-to-metal contact and galvanic protection against corrosion are provided, and surface of elbows adopts the clear post-galvanizing coating to provide further protection against corrosion.
Elbows are produced in normal trade sizes from 1/2" to 4", the degrees including 90 deg, 60 deg, 45 deg, 30 deg, 22.5 deg, 15 deg or according to customer's request.
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### DIMENSION AND PACKING CHART (90°)
| Trade Size | Mini:UL Radius | Weight per 100PCS | PCS/Carton | Weight/ Carton |
|------------|----------------|-------------------|------------|----------------|
| | mm | in. | KG | LBS | KG | LBS |
| 1/2" | 102 | 4.016 | 10.8 | 24 | 50 | 5.42 | 11.95 |
| 3/4" | 114 | 4.488 | 19.7 | 43 | 50 | 9.84 | 21.70 |
| 1" | 146 | 5.748 | 35.1 | 77 | 20 | 7.02 | 15.48 |
| 1-1/4" | 184 | 7.244 | 64.3 | 142 | 20 | 12.86 | 28.35 |
| 1-1/2" | 210 | 8.268 | 84.8 | 187 | 10 | 8.48 | 18.70 |
| 2" | 241 | 9.488 | 123.4 | 272 | 10 | 12.34 | 27.20 |
| 2-1/2" | 267 | 10.512 | 211.8 | 467 | 50 | 105.92| 233.52|
| 3" | 330 | 12.992 | 310.8 | 685 | 35 | 108.79| 239.83|
| 3-1/2" | 381 | 15.000 | 471.4 | 1039 | 35 | 164.99| 363.74|
| 4" | 406 | 15.984 | 566.1 | 1248 | 25 | 141.52| 312.00|
### DIMENSION AND PACKING CHART (45°)
| Trade Size | Mini:UL Radius | Weight per 100PCS | PCS/Carton | Weight/ Carton |
|------------|----------------|-------------------|------------|----------------|
| | mm | in. | KG | LBS | KG | LBS |
| 1/2" | 102 | 4.016 | 7.7 | 17 | 50 | 3.87 | 8.54 |
| 3/4" | 114 | 4.488 | 13.4 | 29 | 50 | 6.69 | 14.74 |
| 1" | 146 | 5.748 | 23.1 | 51 | 35 | 8.08 | 17.81 |
| 1-1/4" | 184 | 7.244 | 42.6 | 94 | 30 | 12.78 | 28.18 |
| 1-1/2" | 210 | 8.268 | 57.1 | 126 | 15 | 8.57 | 18.89 |
| 2" | 241 | 9.488 | 85.9 | 189 | 15 | 12.89 | 28.42 |
| 2-1/2" | 267 | 10.512 | 141.2 | 311 | 50 | 70.62 | 155.68|
| 3" | 330 | 12.992 | 220.3 | 486 | 40 | 88.13 | 194.29|
| 3-1/2" | 381 | 15.000 | 341.9 | 754 | 35 | 119.67| 263.81|
| 4" | 406 | 15.984 | 420.2 | 926 | 35 | 147.07| 324.23|
**REMARK:** Elbows with special radius or special degree available upon request
**CertificateNo:** E358458
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PARK BOARD MINUTES
Date: December 7th, 2020
Time: 5:30 pm Tennis Club House
In Attendance
Alex Moore, Jim Hogan, Val DeFever, Mark Coder, Anita Chappuie, Marty Long, Todd Young,
Advisors In Attendance
Katie Southworth, Barb Beurskens, Angela Anthony
Approval of Minutes
Postponed approval of October 5th, 2020 meeting minutes till January meeting.
Agenda
New Business:
A. Retiring Director Barb Beurskens introduced new Director Angela Anthony and informed board that Katie Southworth, former Zoo Supervisor was promoted to assistant director.
B. Katie Southworth updated board on new Koi Pond project under design at the zoo. Donors have supplied the zoo with the equipment, pumps, and FORPAZ has allocated some donation funds to replace the old water feature by the Spider monkey exhibit with a new koi pond. Katie met with Aaron from TLC to start the design and will bring plan to the board for approval.
C. Barb updated on Lone Chief upgrades- new HVAC system has been installing, am waiting on electrician to finish final hook up. Brian Beechman estimated that usage would increase park cost approximately 12-13 dollars. Discussion of raising price to cover increase. Todd Young motioned to increase Lone Chief from $50.00 to $75.00. Anita Chappuie 2nd the motion. Barb and Angela will present to commission for approval.
D. Katie Southworth updated board on status of zoo master plan. Plan is ready for the master plan board to meet. Anita Chappuie and Alex Moore agreed to be the park board representatives on the master plan board.
E. Barb updated on the playground and band shell lights. The band shell is getting new lights and electric via SPARKS funds. The park has the light poles, is awaiting the rest of equipment to arrive, and scheduling electrician for install. The old playground
lights will be receiving an upgrade and positioned around the outside of playground. New lights that broadcast the light will be placed in the center of the playground allowing greater visibility.
F. Barb presented the city design for the wayfinding signs for downtown and out at park and zoo. Fundraising is currently going on for the signs. FORPAZ donated $50,000.00.
Old Business: Barb informed board that park and zoo took possession of new Kubota Tractor.
**Staff & Committee Reports**
A. Katie informed board that zoo just installed new slide gate equipment in the Steven’s Building and this summer will install new vertical lift gates.
B. Barb informed board that the small slide was moved into the center of the toddler play area in main playground.
C. Barb informed board that staff is currently ordering materials to mulch and border the toddler play area. The park has also started planning materials needed to mulch the 10th street playground.
No other concerns or activities were presented by the board.
Mark Coder moved to adjourn the meeting and Todd Young 2nd motion.
New Business
- Recap of Back to School night – September 9
- Parent Education Programs – Counselors
- Teacher Grants Application Process – School Principal
Committee Reports
- Membership
- Volunteers
- Newsletter
- Computer Support
Announcements
Enter Announcements
Next Meeting
Date | Time, Location
Motion to adjourn was made at 9:00 p.m. and was passed
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LIVESTREAM REVIEW: JANGLING SPARROWS
LATEST, LIVE REVIEWS, MAGAZINE, REVIEWS / JULY 1, 2020 / PIERCE BROCHETTI
Material: Jangling Sparrows is a solo artist in the folk roots/Americana genre with hints of country, rock and bluegrass to flavor the tunes nicely. A contemporary Alan Bean and Morris Kats come to mind as you listen to this present-day Americana artist sing his tunes and deliver his message. Songs like “Look Away Twice,” with its funky chord progression and heavy lyrics like “You might take my sorrow for advice” and “You can’t live on pearls of wisdom,” might suggest to you that all the intelligence in this world might not get you all that love and happiness you’re craving for.
Musicianship: Edelman has a really strong voice that resonates as he sings and needs little or no effects. Great vibrato keeps his songs glued together nicely for the audience as he gets his points across with lyrical accuracy. His guitar work is superb as he fingerpicks and strums with ease, all the while singing beautifully and making you think of a simpler past. The lyrics are rich with symbolism as well as direct messages that make you think about life and drama and what it all means. “Daddy Says” is a great example of the fine musicianship that Edelman brings to the table.
Performance: Edelman has great rapport with his audience. Constantly talking to them and keeping them up-to-date about his whereabouts and albums and such. His disheveled, hung over look is misleading, but when he picks up the guitar and starts singing about a love lost, about being a kid, or about life lessons, you are easily and totally engulfed in the message while being transported to another time and place. Good stage presence makes Edelman a very likable character.
Summary: Heartfelt Americana music at its finest. Great lyrics accompany superb guitar skills to give you a feeling of authenticity and realism that instantly transports you to the 1950s, where you spent the summer at the lake and snuck off from the parents to go play in the woods. It’s such a beautiful journey: innocent and naïve and even more beautiful with the right music. Jangling Sparrows has four CDs available. All are very consistent and true to the genre; North American and Susquehanna, Stranger Things, Truer Words, 140 Nickels, and Bootstraps and Other American Fables, and all are loaded with great music that’ll make you wish you grew up in Maine in the ‘50s.
Contact: [email protected]
Web: JanglingSparrows.com
Players: Paul Edelman
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Comparison of seasonal and spatial variations of albedos from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Common Land Model
L. Zhou, R. E. Dickinson, Y. Tian, X. Zeng, Y. Dai, Z.-L. Yang, C. B. Schaaf, F. Gao, Y. Jin, A. Strahler, R. B. Myneni, H. Yu, W. Wu, and M. Shaikh
Received 17 December 2002; revised 24 April 2003; accepted 2 May 2003; published 15 August 2003.
[1] This paper compares seasonal and spatial variations of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedos with those from the Common Land Model (CLM) by land cover type. MODIS albedo data in the year 2001 were used to determine seasonal, spatial, and land cover dependence at 1 km resolution and to investigate the biases in CLM. Albedo dependence on vegetation type is smaller than that on snow and soil. Snow causes the largest temporal and spatial variations, especially in the visible band (0.3–0.7 μm). CLM has visible albedos that are lower by up to 0.4–0.5 in winter over northern high latitudes but are globally higher by 0.02–0.04 in summer over most vegetation, mainly due to its overestimated leaf and stem area index in winter and slightly higher prescribed canopy albedos in summer, respectively. MODIS and CLM differ considerably in soil albedo over desert and semidesert regions, especially in the near-infrared band (0.7–5.0 μm), with the largest low bias of about 0.1 in the Sahara. Adjustments of the prescribed albedos in CLM based on MODIS observations could reduce such biases. Therefore the model should better represent leaf and stem area index, vegetation albedo in the presence of snow, and soil albedo.
INDEX TERMS: 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 1640 Global Change: Remote sensing; 3307 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes; 3322 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; KEYWORDS: albedo, MODIS, Common Land Model, leaf area index
Citation: Zhou, L., et al., Comparison of seasonal and spatial variations of albedos from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Common Land Model, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 4488, doi:10.1029/2002JD003326, 2003.
1. Introduction
[2] The land surface and its ecosystems play an important role in determining exchanges of energy, momentum, water, heat, carbon dioxide, and other greenhouse gases between the land surface and the atmosphere [Dickinson, 1983; Sellers et al., 1997]. Land surface processes have been characterized in climate models by parameterizations that range from rather simple schemes to complex representations. Key model parameters include albedo, fractional vegetation and snow cover, roughness length, surface skin temperature, and canopy properties [Dickinson et al., 1993; Bonan, 1996; Sellers et al., 1996]. However, these variables have been only crudely represented due to limited observations. Satellites provide information of global spatial sampling at regular temporal intervals and thus have the capability to estimate accurately model parameters globally. The availability of satellite observations has motivated many modelers to improve the representation of interactions between soil, vegetation, and the atmosphere [Henderson-Sellers and Wilson, 1983; Buermann et al., 2001; Zeng et al., 2002].
[3] Albedo is the fraction of incident solar energy reflected by the land surface in all directions and determines how much radiation is absorbed by the surface. It changes as surfaces change, depending not only on the amount of vegetation cover but also on the surface texture and structure. A positive snow/ice-albedo feedback within the global climate system has been recognized [Robock, 1983; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2002]. Higher albedos due to desertification and deforestation result in a reduction of precipitation and evapotranspiration [Dickinson and Henderson-Seller, 1988; Xue et al., 1990; Xue and Shukla, 1993; Hahmann and Dickinson, 1997]. Bonan [1998] suggests that high soil albedos over the Sahara desert in the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) may generate land surface air temperatures that are several degrees colder than observations throughout the year. Evidently, inaccuracy or errors in specification of surface albedo in climate models may result in other such serious biases.
[4] Albedo in climate models is represented by processes rather than by simple tables of numbers. Hence satellite observations can be best used to validate and improve...
model parameterizations. Wei et al. [2001] compared albedos of two land surface models (LSMs), the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS), and the NCAR LSM, with those derived from remote-sensed data. Both BATS and LSM demonstrated a large bias over snow covered, desert and semidesert regions. Consequently, Zeng et al. [2002] adjusted albedo parameterizations in the Common Land Model (CLM) coupled with CCM3 and found a significant reduction in the summer cold bias over desert and semidesert regions.
[5] Further comparison using new satellite data and in situ measurements is necessary. The albedo data by Wei et al. [2001] were derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs), whose quality may be degraded by atmospheric effects, satellite drift, and changeover [Gutman, 1999]. Privette et al. [1997] demonstrate that sparse angular samples from AVHRR may result in poor albedo retrievals. Wei et al. [2001] focused only on comparison of total albedos over a broad spectral band \((0.3–5.0 \mu m)\). Here we address albedos as used in climate models, composed of visible \((<0.7 \mu m)\) and near-infrared \((>0.7 \mu m)\) spectral bands, each with diffuse and direct components. Such comparison based on detailed spectral bands may be more helpful in finding reasons for large biases in models. Furthermore, Wei et al. [2001] used satellite albedo data from only 2 months. Here we more carefully examine the seasonal cycle of albedo.
[6] High-quality albedo products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are now publicly released [Schaaf et al., 2002]. This paper compares seasonally and spatially MODIS albedos in the year 2001 with those from CLM and investigates possible reasons for major biases. It considers how this information may be used to improve albedo parameterizations in CLM. Section 2 describes how surface albedo is computed from CLM and MODIS. Section 3 analyzes seasonal and spatial variations of MODIS albedos in 2001 at 1 km resolution. Differences of coarse resolution albedo between CLM and MODIS are compared and possible reasons are discussed in section 4. Section 5 concludes the major results.
2. Albedo From CLM and MODIS
2.1. MODIS Albedo
[7] Remotely sensed surface albedos are generated from empirical and semiempirical models. The MODIS albedo algorithm adopts a semiprincipal, kernel-driven linear Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model to characterize the anisotropy of the global surface [Lucht et al., 2000a]. The BRDF model relies on the weighted sum of three parameters that are retrieved from the multirate multiantiangular cloud-free atmospherically corrected surface reflectances at 1 km resolution acquired by MODIS in a 16-day period. The algorithm uses only the snowy observations to make a retrieval if the majority of days in a 16-day period have been snow covered, otherwise a snow-free BRDF retrieval is made [Schaaf et al., 2002]. By integrating the retrieved BRDF models over all viewing angles, seven spectral albedos can be obtained. Three broadband \((0.3–0.7, 0.7–5.0,\text{ and } 0.3–5.0 \mu m)\) albedos were also obtained through spectral to broadband conversions [Liang et al., 1999; Liang, 2001].
[8] The MODIS albedos represent the best quality retrieval possible over each 16-day period, and quality assurance value (QA) fields are attached to the data. We can use the QA data to tell whether the data are from snow or nonsnow pixels or are of good quality (i.e., data with sufficient high-quality input surface reflectances and well distributed over the viewing hemisphere that result in a well-fit model). For those cases where a full retrieval is not possible due to insufficient or poor sampling or a poor fit, albedos are retrieved from a backup method using available observations to adjust a priori knowledge of archetypal surface BRDFs [Strugnell et al., 2001].
[9] The MODIS albedo products provide a standard suite of global black- and white-sky albedos in an integerized sinusoidal grid projection with tiles representing 1200 by 1200 pixels on the Earth. Black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) represents the direct beam contribution while white-sky
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Myneni, R. B., et al., Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data, *Remote Sens. Environ.*, 83, 214–231, 2002.
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Y. Dai, R. E. Dickinson, M. Shuaih, Y. Tian, W. Wu, H. Yu, and L. Zhou, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta GA 30332, USA ([email protected]; edu; robin.dickinson; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected])
F. Gao, Y. Jin, R. B. Myneni, C. B. Schaaf, and A. Strahler, Department of Geography, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected])
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X. Zeng, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ([email protected])
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With proper assembly and care, your new printer will provide you with years of productive, high quality work. It is to your advantage to read the following instructions thoroughly to ensure proper assembly of your new printing machine.
The Hopkins 1200 Series Printing Machines are shipped in one crate containing 3 component types; the main body of the machine: the Base (N/A #4CB), print Station Mount, Roto-Table and Arms as one component. The Print Stations and the Shirtboards (1 or 4 depending on the Model #) as the other two components. Also included in the crate, generally taped to the machine is a Parts Bag containing all of the hardware necessary to assemble your printer.
TOOLS REQUIRED FOR ASSEMBLY: One ½” & two ¾” combination wrenches, (A ¾” Socket & Ratchet may be useful,) and a hammer for insertion of the Roll Pins.
To assemble your new Hopkins printing machine complete the following procedures. (GO TO THE NEXT PAGE)
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Insert threaded Leg Levelers in each leg of the Base and adjust to level machine at the site of operation.
NOTE: PROCEDURE UNNECESSARY FOR MODEL # 4CB
2. Locate Vertical Mounting Plate(s) on Print Station Mount marked by numbers 1 thru 4. (Print Station Mount is the center section of the machine located between the base and the top Roto Table/Arm assembly.) Match Print Stations, also numbered 1 thru 4 to corresponding Mounting Plates. NOTE: SINGLE STATION PRINTING MACHINES WILL ONLY HAVE THE #1.
3. Loosely attach Print Stations to the Print Station mounts using four ¾–16 x 1” Hex Head bolts and Nylock Nuts. Tighten until Print Stations and Mounting Plates are in close proximity, leaving sufficient play for easy alignment of the Roll Pin holes.
4. Align roll pin holes and insert the pins until they show an equal amount on both sides of the hole. This provides “Factory Alignment” of the Arm Assemblies to the Print Stations.
5. Wrench tighten Hex Head Mounting Bolts and Nylock Nuts.
6. Raise each Arm Assembly and install the Safety Bolt #2 in the threaded hole provided under the Arm on the Arm Mounting Bracket. Thread the Safety Bolt in until the arm can be completely seated on the Registration Gate Pad #50, on the Print Station with the head of the Safety Bolt just in contact with the bottom of the Reggie Base #9.
7. Install Shirtboards on the Print Stations and secure. DO NOT OVERTIGHTEN KNOBS, OR DAMAGE TO SHIRTBOARD BRACKET OR TUBING WILL RESULT.
ASSEMBLY OF YOUR HOPKINS PRINTING MACHINE IS COMPLETE...ENJOY!
LEVELING ADJUSTMENT
REGGIE PIVOT CLAMP BOLT #20: This is a pivot and leveling adjustment allowing the operator to pivot the front of the screen frame up and/or down.
CARRIAGE BOLTS #22: This adjustment area is designed for raising and/or lowering the height, leveling side to side and setting desired off-contact distance of the screen frame.
1. Master Gate, stamped with a “R”. Level and register all screens to this station. (All stations are leveled and registered to this station during assembly.)
2. Place screen frame in the Screen Clamp and secure.
3. Lower screen to the Shirtboard. The distance between the front of the clamp and the back of the shirtboard should be approximately ½” to avoid deflection of the screen mesh in the frame, while leveling. Gently run your fingers over the screen surface checking for uniform contact with the Shirtboard. (If uniform contact exists, the remaining steps are not required.)
4. Loosen the adjustments in the following order: Both Carriage Bolts #22, on the Screen Clamp, the two Reggie Pivot Clamp Bolts #20, they run parallel to each other directly behind the clamps. NOTE: To loosen and tighten the Reggie Pivot Clamp Bolts, a 8”–10” combination wrench works best to obtain proper leverage. To help in the ease of loosening and tightening of the Reggie Pivot Clamp Bolts we have found that reaching the upper bolt from the top and the lower bolt from the underside of the Reggie works the best. (Remember, use the BOX END of the wrench.)
NOTE: DO NOT ADJUST GATE PAD. This is pre-set during assembly at the factory to ensure each Arm and Print Station meet at the same level. THIS IS NOT INTENDED TO BE AN OFF-CONTACT ADJUSTMENT.
Built into both Reggie and Micro Reggie registration systems is an auto loop system allowing the screen frame to remain at roughly the same level of Off-Contact set by the operator throughout the registration process.
With use, screen frames often tend to warp so that all sides are not level with the Shirtboards printing surface. This can degrade the quality of the printed image. Therefore, the first step in registration is leveling the screen with the shirtboard. This process must be repeated with each screen.
5. Allow the screen to settle level to the Shirtboard.
6. Snug tighten the two Carriage Bolts, #22. (Create intimate contact between the L-Brackets #18, and the backside of the Screen Clamp.
7. Wrench tighten the Reggie Pivot Clamp Bolt Nut # 21, using BOX END of the wrench.
8. For setting the “Off Contact” now that the screen is leveled use the Carriage Bolts #22, to make this adjustment before tightening.
9. Wrench tighten the Carriage Bolt Nut #3.
In time you may wish to modify this procedure as you become more experienced in identifying the necessary adjustments for correcting a non level condition.
SHIRTBOARD POSITION
To place the Shirtboard in the general position necessary for printing. It helps to have Reggie or Micro Reggie CENTERED before locating the Shirtboard to allow for maximum mobility of adjustment in the registration process.
1. Tape film positive of image to be printed to the shirtboard in position desired.
2. Bring the screen down over the image, and check for rough alignment with the film positive.
3. Loosen Shirtboard Assembly and adjust Shirtboard as necessary, and retighten. When tightening the Shirtboard Bracket, make contact with both knobs, snug the side knob first and then tighten the bottom knob APPROXIMATELY 1/2 TURN to secure the Shirtboard (To loosen, reverse procedure). Check for proper stability. DO NOT OVERTIGHTEN KNOBS, OR DAMAGE TO SHIRTBOARD BRACKET OR TUBING WILL RESULT.
#24. (Micro adjustments are best made when beginning with Thumb Screw extended approximately 1/4”)
Recheck each screen with the positive before applying ink to the screens.
SCREEN REGISTRATION
1. Make your major corrections by loosening the ratchet handles on the Reggie section of the Arm located behind the Clamp Assembly.
2. For minor adjustments in forward/backward of rotational directions, use the Thumb Screws #23, on the back of the Clamp #25, in combination with loosening the associated Clamp Knob.
MICRO REGGIE/MICRO REGISTRATION
1. Loosen the Clamp assembly and quickly register the screen to film positive. Secure the screen in the Clamp assembly.
2. Major side to side movements are made in the Clamp.
3. Major front to back movements are made with the Shirtboard.
4. Fine tune the registration by loosening the ratchet handles and utilizing the Micro adjusters (2 of #35, #44) to accurately dial in the registration. Micro Reggie allows you complete X, Y, and Rotational movement of the screen frame.
5. Tighten Ratchet Handles. (DO NOT OVERTIGHTEN.)
GENERAL MAINTENANCE
1. Keep your machine CLEAN!
2. Lightly grease the Clamp Sterns #27, whenever they need it.
3. Do not enter into a contest of strength with any of the adjustments on this machine. You may win!
4. Every 3 months, disassemble rotary sections and lubricate Lazy Susan Bearings with motor oil (about 1 teaspoon).
REPLACING ARM SPRINGS
1. Lower Arm into Registration Gate.
2. Remove the Arm Stop Bolt #4, and Bumper Tube #5, located at the top of Arm Mounting Bracket #1, by undoing Nut #3.
3. Hold on and carefully raise the Arm assembly to vertical position relaxing the Arm Springs.
4. Remove old Arm Springs and replace with new.
5. Lower Arm assembly into Registration Gate.
6. Re-install Arm Stop Bolt, Bumper Tube and Nut. Snug tighten only, DO NOT OVERTIGHTEN,
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The meeting was called to order by the chairman, Paul Frankenfield.
Before reading the minutes of the last meeting, Feryl Spanninger suggested that the reading of the minutes could be dispensed with as all supervisors and Mr. Wilson receive a copy of the minutes a week or more before the next meeting. This suggestion was put into a motion and approved unanimously. The minutes of the last meeting and the Treasurer's Report were read and approved.
The date tentatively set up for a conference between Mr. Seidel and his attorney and the supervisors was not suitable so another tentative date of March 28th was set up. Mr. Wilson will contact Mr. Abarbanel, attorney for Mr. Seidel for approval of this date.
A motion was made by Dale Hartshorne and seconded by Paul Frankenfield to pay bills as presented.
The police January report was read.
The 1973 yearly report of the Sellersville Fire Co. was read noting that nine calls were answered in Hilltown Township.
A letter from Mr. Leister of Richard Cowan and Associates was read giving us the front footages of the Kennilworth property for the purpose of street lighting assessment. With this letter there was an enclosure listing all the sub-division involvement of the township and Cowan Associates.
A letter from the Department of Transportation was read with an enclosure of an "Escalator Clause" that is to be included in the bids proposals for fuel and road oils. It was decided to include a police car in the bid proposals.
Dale Hartshorne had information from the Association of Township Supervisors relative to having consultants come into our office with advice on how to run a municipal office. A motion was made by Dale Hartshorne and seconded by Paul Frankenfield to have Dale contact them and have this done.
Dorothy Gutekunst reported overdue payments for engineering fees on the Green Meadows Development and the Jamesway Plaza Development. These accounts were given to Mr. Wilson to contact.
A letter from the Telford Fire Company was read inviting the supervisors to attend the housing of its new pumper on Saturday, June 14th. Dorothy Gutekunst was instructed to notify them that two of our supervisors, Dale Hartshorne and Paul Frankenfield will attend.
Feryl Spanninger had a letter on the Federal Flood Insurance Program which was passed on to Paul Frankenfield and Dale Hartshorne for perusal.
A letter from Pera Real Estate Inc. was read concerning the use of a property at 1014 Quarry Road and an interpretation of the Zoning-Highway Commercial. Nancy Kozlowski of Pera Real Estate was present and she was advised to refer the petition to the Zoning Board.
A letter was read from H. Franklin Rice offering 52 acres to be bought by the township as land for recreation. This offer will be considered along with other offers received.
An estimate of $1400.00 a year for janitorial service was received and read by Dale Hartshorne. After discussion, it was given to Mr. Heidrich for follow-up.
Paul Frankenfield presented his report on roads to be resurfaced this year in priority order. After discussion, a motion was made by Dale Hartshorne and seconded by Feryl Spanninger to accept this report. A suggestion was made to reconstruct part of Schwenk Mill Road as a goal for 1975.
A newspaper clipping from the Doylestown Intelligencer about a home for delinquent girls was presented to the supervisors by Mrs. Lampson. She was questioning on behalf of some neighbors and herself whether permission had been given by the supervisors for this project. Having had no prior knowledge of the situation, Mr. Hartshorne said he would contact the County and ask them to have a representative at our next township meeting, March 4th to explain the project.
Cale Hartshorne moved to adjourn the meeting, it was seconded by Paul Frankenfield and approved by all.
Respectfully submitted,
Feryl Schmninger,
Secretary-Treasurer
The supervisors visited the site of the proposed home for girls. It is located in the Township building and is surrounded by a number of available properties for prospective lots.
Mr. Robert presented plans and pictures of the proposed structure. It is to be located on the corner of 19th and 20th Streets, with a right-of-way on the natural drainage. No standing water is present and it is kept within 15' of the property line.
Mr. Fred Parker, Milton Foster and Samuel Barlow presented complaints against the proposed home, including noise, unsightly conditions, lack of security, and the possibility that the property will become a magnet for troublemakers.
A letter from the Commonwealth of Pa. Dept. of Health was read relative to sewage well services. A meeting will be held in Cheltenham, March 14th at the D.A.R. House.
A letter to Ann Lang, addressed to Mr. Harper, regarding relations to town as well as to the girl in question and the property involved was read.
Three petitions from residents of the area had been received. In the absence of Mr. Harper, two petitions were presented: one from Mrs. Harper and another from Mr. Schmninger. The petitioners asked for a meeting with the Township Council to discuss their concerns.
A letter was read from the Township Council regarding the proposal for remodeling of a light at the Memorial Junior School.
A petition was received from Frank Grabowski requesting the Zoning Board to be made for Misses Lindsay and Betty Amstel on March 14th, 7:30
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WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR, 1775–1864
A CENTENARY TRIBUTE
by
SIR GEORGE ROSTREVOR HAMILTON,
F.R.S.L.
8th March, 1965
"Pray accept a little volume. 'Tis a legacy from Elia, you'll see. Silver and Gold had he none, but such as he had, left he you.... Many things I had to say to you, but there was not time."
Lamb to Landor after their meeting 1832
Walter Savage Landor—so tender, violent, generous, self-centred, attractive, yet quite maddening—though criticism, if any, should be tempered with affection. Let us imagine a meeting with Landor at an evening party near Florence in 1827. He is lately down from Cambridge, and in 1824 the first volumes of Imaginary Conversations so distinguished in style, so adventurous in scope, so questionable often in their opinions, had created a stir in the University and had been much debated. He had indeed the reputation of being quarrelsome and arrogant; at Oxford he was called a "mad Jacobin" and had been sent down for a shooting escapade (1794). Having tried some fourteen years later to settle down as a landed personage at Llantony near the border of Wales, he had quarrelled violently with the Welsh and had been forced to leave the county, with debts unpaid. He had also contrived to join the rebels in Spain who were fighting for freedom against Joseph Bonaparte and the French. Though this venture petered out Landor was thanked in the Madrid Gazette for gallant personal service, being granted the honorary rank of Colonel.
At this period Landor was a formidable figure; a big bluff man with a resonant voice and with much of the grand manner. He loved to throw out his opinions and to listen to others when he deemed them worthy of respect. Throughout his life he was intolerant of contradiction and averse to sustained reasoning. Yet he would exercise a winning charm of manner, being especially courteous to women. Extravagant in outrageous criticism of the English, the Welsh, the Florentines, coupled with a disarming smile followed by laughter—his hearers would be swept away by the man. How like a lion he was. Crabb Robinson described him as a leonine man, and Augustus Hare later testified to "his majestic and lion-like appearance”. He had, too, apostrophised himself as “old lion”:
Come forth, old lion, from thy den,
Come, to the gaze of idle men,
Old lion, shake thy mane and growl,
Or they will take thee for an owl.
Do not forget, however, that on Charles Lamb’s death, Landor wrote to Crabb Robinson: “The death of Charles Lamb has grieved me very bitterly. Never did I see a human being with whom I was more inclined to sympathise. There is something in the recollection that you took me with you to see him which affects me greatly more than writing or speaking of him could do with any other”.
Coming now to Landor’s poetry and prose, the long poem and many of the epigrams, and even a great part of the Imaginary Conversations strain one’s admiration. Nevertheless, at his best in epigram, he is supreme: at his best in prose he has unique quality and is one of the great masters.
At this point Sir George read a selection of the epigrams, some of which he said are beyond price, with a brief commentary and some comparison with the work of other epigrammists. One epigram calls for special comment; it is the one to Dirce, and is one of the finest epigrams in the language. Human sadness, here, is made remote by myth, and there is no difficulty in fusing it with the sheer grace of art:
Stand close around, ye Stygian set.
With Dirce in one boat conveyed,
Our Charon, seeing, may forget
That he is old and she a shade.
Note the clear-sounding monosyllables of the last line, closing on the hard \( d \), but notice also the pathos of the slowing rhythms. The effect is a gift of English, recalling the cadence of Ben Jonson two hundred years earlier—also with the closing \( ds \)—when he laments that Love has taken to flight,
... then wonder not
That since, my numbers are so cold,
When Love is fled, and I grow old.
Landor was of course a voluminous writer, and also very versatile, adapting mood and temper to a wide variety of themes, sometimes ceremonious or gentle, or high-minded, and usually pleasant and often pure verbal music following his feeling for words in the moulding of a phrase. With The Pentameron, those talks between Boccaccio and Petrarch, these are pure delight and refreshment. There is the happy air of friendship, a happier imagination, prose so entrancingly pure and natural.
In conclusion Sir George read the lovely narrative which introduces the passage “Petrarch Rides ro Church” with the sound of the village bells in his ears and parties of young and old passing by.
* * *
“A SOVEREIGN STAR:
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE. 1564—1593”
A Quater-centenary tribute
by
JOHN C. TREWIN, F.R.S.L.
Speaking on “A Sovereign Star: Christopher Marlowe,” Mr. J. C. Trewin said that the title came from Swinburne’s poem, with its lines “Crowned, girdled, garbed and shod with light and fire, Son first-born of the morning, sovereign star.”
He went on to quote Charles Lamb on Marlowe’s Edward II: “The reluctant pangs of abdicating royalty in Edward furnished hints which Shakespeare scarcely improved in his Richard II; and the death scene of Marlowe’s king moves pity and terror beyond any death scene ancient or modern with which I am acquainted.” Marlowe, “the forerunner,” was born in February 1564, the son of a Canterbury shoemaker, just two months before Shakespeare’s birth at Stratford-upon-Avon. Educated at the King’s School, Canterbury—a grammar school of the same standard as Shakespeare’s at Stratford—he went when he was 17, to the University of Cambridge as a scholar of Corpus: there he took his B.A. degree and ultimately his M.A. His later life was confused and turbulent. He was concerned with Secret Service work for the Secretary of State; he was one of a group of freethinkers that gathered round Sir Walter Raleigh; but today he is remembered, when all else is forgotten or in a shadow, as a writer for the theatre. We do not know what he might not have done if he had not been stabbed and killed in a Deptford inn on May 30, 1593. He was twenty-nine.
“Violent death,” said Mr. Trewin, “was familiar enough in the streets and public haunts of Tudor London. Often it was a simple sequence the ‘hot blood stirring,’ a brawl, a quick dagger thrust, instant oblivion. So it was at Deptford. A few moments sufficed. It may have been either a quarrel over a tavern reckoning—the
inquest story—or a planned assassination, a death procured by some powerful personage behind the veil. Whatever the cause, blind chance or a movement in the web of secret service intrigue, we know that the body of Christopher Marlowe lay huddled upon a bed 'in the house of a certain Eleanor Bold' while the swindler Ingram Frizer, his decoy—a man named Skeres—and a spy called Robert Poley, stared at each other beside the littered board.
"That night Frizer's thrust took more than the life of an impetuous swashbuckler, a Tybalt of the streets. It silenced a voice that had sounded the trumpets of Tamburlaine. It closed the eyes that had looked upon the glory of Argive Helen, 'fairer then the evening air clad in the beauty of a thousand stars.' No ruffler of the London taverns lay in ignominious death, but a poet who had ridden in triumph through Persepolis.
"Before Marlowe there was neither true Elizabethan blank verse—as we think of it today, divorced from such early work as *Gorboduc*—nor a genuine tragedy. He was the first master of the Elizabethan stage. Those who, as Sir Max Beerbohm did, hold the sixteenth century to be as mysterious as an impenetrable jungle of wild animals, must concede that in its dark embraces Marlowe was a tiger burning bright. We do not know precisely when his voice, speaking through the mouth of his Scythian shepherd, first threatened the world with 'high astounding terms.' Probably it was in the year 1587. Six years later he was dead. There had been other plays since *Tamburlaine*, each a strange union of journeyman's stitching and inspiration newly-edged, plays with speeches as translunary as the last agony
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On 22nd March a party of members saw "Mr. Wilberforce, M.P." at the Westminister Theatre.
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**"THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL IN ITS GLORY"**
Delivered before the
Charles Lamb Society Dramatic Group;
19th February, 1965
By R. MEADOWS WHITE
Following the admirable stylistic examples of Bacon, Addison, Goldsmith, Hazlitt, and incidentally our own Elia, I propose to begin this discourse with a truism—in this case a theatrical one. Here it is. "If it were possible to forecast popular taste in the Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue would be Millionaires' Row." Walking sometimes along what used to be known as—and, thank Heaven, still is, Theatreland, I have pictured managers' play-readers sitting heads in hands, weeping bitter tears as they recall the successes they have read—and rejected. And of course the truth is that judging the success-value of plays with any degree of certainty is a near-impossibility.
Yet throughout the history of the Stage, there have been plays that one feels must have carried from their inception what an American writer has fitly termed "the sweet smell of success". "HAMLET" must surely have been one; so must "AS YOU LIKE IT"—and possibly a certain Scottish tragedy which a venerable theatrical superstition forbids me to name. I am sure that you yourselves could bring forward other candidates from the First Folio. The seventeenth century gave us one obstinate success—"VENICE PRESERV'D"—Thomas Otway's tragedy never looked back from its production day, and Elia tells us of its popularity in the early nineteenth century.
But we are concerned this evening with the eighteenth century. One would have thought for example that "THE BEGGAR'S OPERA" fairly reeked of this most potent and delicious perfume—yet we know that not only were the cast dubious of its reception, but that the actor James Quin, great performer and man of the theatre as he was, pompously declined the star part of "Macheath", thus merely proving what hopeless judges of plays actors in particular have always been. It's quite possible, after all, that Burbage had to be persuaded to play Falstaff and Othello. Quin's aberration of judgment took place in 1728. Let us travel through that spell-binding Georgian Age for another forty-nine years. We are now at the
eighth of May, 1777. On that fine Spring evening was produced on the stage of what Elia calls "Garrick Drury", a comedy about which there can have been, as Don Alhambra del Bolero sings, "no possible doubt whatever". One can imagine its effect at its first Green-Room reading on His Majesty's Company of Comedians as they were officially—and delightfully—termed. Their hearts must have leapt up as their twenty-six-year-old Manager, Author, and Patentee gradually unfolded the action of his matchless and long-awaited comedy, which was so incontestably and brilliantly "right". The young reader was, of course, Richard Brinsley Sheridan; the play "THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL". The greatest comedy of manners in the English language had from that day begun its non-stop career of success. Its first-night reception was overwhelming—the Screen Scene especially was a theatrical sensation. We have some interesting contemporary evidence of the effect that this marvellous scene had on a fashionable and violently critical eighteenth-century first-night audience.
The dramatist Frederick Reynolds, while still a boy at Westminster School, was walking from Lincoln's Inn about nine o'clock that evening through Vinegar Yard, alongside The Theatre Royal, into Bridges Street, now Catherine Street, which proudly contains the frontage of the present—and fourth—old Drury. Coming past the theatre, he heard such a tremendous noise over his head that he thought the building was coming down, and ran for his life. Next day he learnt that the noise had been the terrific and prolonged applause of an excited and enchanted audience when the screen was thrown down during what, of itself, must be the finest one-act play in English Stage history. A writer and critic has finely said of this episode "The echoes are lingering still".
Elia has this revealing comment on the production in his Essay "On the Artificial Comedy Of The Last Century":
'No piece was, perhaps, ever so completely cast in all its parts as this manager's comedy'
The last words are in italics, and rightly. As Manager and Patentee of the Theatre Royal, of unquestioned and unarguable choice among the Company, but as author and creator of genius he was blessed with the vision and taste to ensure that each member was impeccably suited. It was said that only for Sheridan would Parsons and Dodd have submitted to be "Crabtree" and his nephew "Sir Benjamin Backbite". How right Sheridan was, and how wise they were, for Elia's Essay fairly glows with their praises.
In fact the, comedy's perfection became a legend. Its revivals were continual, and its standard, while Sheridan was Patentee at least, was maintained. We have a glimpse of what Elia means when he writes:
Amidst the mortifying circumstances attendant upon growing old, it is something to have seen The School for Scandal in its glory'.
But Elia had never seen its pristine glory. On that memorable first night in 1777 Charles Lamb was only two years old. When he saw the play first the original and delightful "Lady Teazle" Mrs. Abington, ex-tavern-girl and first "fine lady" of the London stage had betaken herself some years before to the other Theatre Royal Patent in Covent Garden. That remarkable tall personality Elizabeth Farren, later to become Countess of Derby, had taken over all Mrs. Abington's parts and was the "Lady Teazle". William Smith, universally known as "Gentleman" Smith, and who, Elia tells us, 'took the eye with a certain gaiety of person', was no longer the debonair "Charles Surface". He had retired from the stage. Surprisingly, it was "Black Jack", the somewhat ponderous John Kemble, brother of the superb Mrs. Siddons, who took his place. But according to Elia:
'His harshest tones in this part came steeped and dulcified in good humour. Not one of his sparkling sentences was lost'.
Lamb knew something of acting, and we must, with reservations, accept this first-hand account of what must surely have been a rather odd "Charles Surface". But the rest of the originals with some minor exceptions, were all splendidly present on stage, particularly Jack Palmer as "Joseph Surface". Smith retired in 1787 and Miss Farren in 1797. It was during those ten years, possibly about 1790, that Lamb saw "THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL" in what was still its glory.
There is an odd, though vanished link between the Sheridan family and Charles Lamb. Through a letter from Mary Lamb to Sarah Hazlitt in the winter of 1808 we hear of Sheridan's son Tom's proposal that Lamb should collaborate with him and his father by writing some scenes in what was called "a speaking pantomime". This, coming two years after what to Lamb must have been the utter catastrophe of "MR. H." in that very theatre, the third Drury Lane, is a pointer to the fact that Lamb was not considered by the theatre management so disastrous a dramatist as later generations have insisted he was. A meeting between Charles Lamb and the amazing "Sherry" must indeed have been, so to speak, a "collector's piece". I cannot believe that the conversation omitted all mention of "THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL". And I feel sure that Lamb enquired the truth of the famous tale with an Elian flavour—the story of the original prompt copy, the last act of which consisted of loose pieces of paper, but at the end of which Sherry had written the words "Finished at last, thank God. R. B. Sheridan." Under which the Drury Lane prompter inscribed "Amen. W. Hopkins".
FROM THE EDITOR'S CHAIR
Here is a correction. On page 480 of the March Bulletin it is stated that as a tribute to Davy a school has been named after him at Christ's Hospital; this is a mistake. We have stated that the Grammar School at Penzance has been renamed the Humphry Davy School.
Mr. Whiting has sent us a cutting from the Syracuse Post—Standard Magazine, 27th December, 1964, descriptive of the bookshop of our member Mr. Roderick Benton in Genesee Street, Skoneateles, New York. Mr. Benton is a collector of rare books and has about 25,000 on his shelves, Mr. and Mrs. Benton are talented musicians and gave up professional careers before starting the bookshop which is an old house built in 1796. Our good wishes to them both.
It is gratifying to learn from Mr. Trewin's article Helping Charles and Mary, reprinted from The New Hungarian Quarterly that there are friends of Charles Lamb on the other side of the Iron Curtain. Is it too much to hope that one day, not too far distant, the Society may enrol a member from that country.
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We build for a better society.
## Contents
### Group overview
- This is Skanska 4
- 2019 in brief 5
- Comments by the President and CEO 6
- Skanska as an investment 9
- Share data and funding 10
- Market overview 13
- Financial targets 2016–2020 15
- Business plan 2016–2020 16
- Great People 18
- Operational Excellence 19
- Market Making 20
- Business model 22
### Operations
- Business streams 23
- Construction 24
- Residential Development 28
- Commercial Property Development 32
### Corporate governance
- Corporate governance report 37
- Board of Directors 46
- Group Leadership 48
- Risk and opportunity management 50
### Sustainability report
- Sustainability report 56
- Health and Safety 58
- Ethics 62
- Green 66
- Community Investment 73
- Diversity and Inclusion 76
- Non-financial information 79
### Financial information
- Financial analysis 86
- Consolidated income statement 94
- Consolidated statement of comprehensive income 95
- Consolidated statement of financial position 96
- Consolidated statement of financial position 97
- Consolidated statement of changes in equity 98
- Consolidated cash flow statement 99
- Consolidated cash flow statement, specification 100
- Parent company income statement 101
- Parent company balance sheet 102
- Parent company statement of changes in equity 103
- Parent company cash flow statement 104
- Notes including accounting and valuation principles 105
– Note 66 Allocation of earnings 192
- Auditor’s report 193
- Independent Practitioner’s Review Report on Skanska AB’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting 198
- Major orders, investments and divestments 199
- GRI Content Index 204
- Quarterly information 208
- Annual General Meeting 210
- Investors 210
- Addresses 211
### About this report
The 2019 Annual and Sustainability Report is submitted by the Board of Directors and the President of Skanska AB (publ) to describe the operations of both the Company and the Group. The formal annual report consists of the Report of the Directors and financial reports on pages 37–192 and has been audited by Skanska’s external auditors. Pages 56–85 include Skanska’s statutory sustainability report, according to the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. Skanska is reporting in accordance with the GRI Standards Core Sustainability reporting guidelines. Skanska aims to provide all information and data is relevant, transparent, consistent, accurate and complete and that provides an objective picture of the Group’s operations. Further information about Skanska’s sustainability efforts can be found at: group.skanska.com/sustainability.
This document is in all respects a translation of the Swedish original Annual and Sustainability Report. In the event of any differences between this translation and the Swedish original, the latter shall prevail.
Skanska AB, Swedish corporate identity number 556000-4615.
We build for a better society
With more than 130 years in construction and project development, we enrich cities and communities in selected home markets in the Nordic region, Europe and the USA where we create buildings and civil infrastructure including schools, hospitals, homes and offices as well as highways and mass-transit.
Skanska is accountable to future generations, which is why we promote green solutions and conduct our operations in a sustainable way. We aim to be a leader within sustainability. This includes prioritizing safety and fostering a working climate where everyone can speak their mind as well as an inclusive culture where we are open and fair, showing trust and respect for each other. We leverage diversity to deliver the best solutions.
These expected behaviors are anchored in our values and guide Skanska in setting priorities that deliver on our purpose of building for a better society.
In New York City, USA, Skanska is transforming the landmark Farley Post Office Building into the Moynihan Train Hall, a new portal for accessing trains serving the adjacent Penn Station, one of the busiest train hubs in the USA.
Read more on page 14.
Skanska’s operations
Skanska is one of the world’s leading construction and project development companies, focused on selected home markets in the Nordic region, Europe and the USA. Skanska’s diversification across various business streams strengthens the Group’s competitive standing and ensures a balanced and diversified risk profile.
Construction
Skanska constructs and renovates buildings, infrastructure and homes, and also provides facilities management and other related services.
Read more on page 24.
Residential Development
Skanska develops new residential buildings, including single and multi-family housing, built by the Construction business stream.
Read more on page 28.
Commercial Property Development
Skanska develops customer-focused office buildings and logistics properties built by the Construction business stream.
Read more on page 32.
Skanska’s purpose and values
Skanska’s purpose – We build for a better society – reflects the Group’s role in society, a position that enables Skanska to create value. Fundamental to fulfilling its Purpose are Skanska’s four values: Care for Life, Act Ethically and Transparently, Be Better – Together, and Commit to Customers.
Skanska’s Values
Care for Life
Act Ethically & Transparently
Be Better – Together
Commit to Customers
Sustainable future
Striving to be in the forefront of sustainability, Skanska helps create a sustainable future for customers and communities.
Carbon emissions
-28%
Reduction of carbon emissions since 2015.
Certified commercial buildings share of total divestments
90%
Share of total value, corresponding to SEK 15.4 billion, of divested offices in the Commercial Property Development business stream, certified with WELL, LEED (Platinum or Gold) or BREEAM (Excellent).
Energy reduction in new office buildings
-37%
Annual energy reduction in divested office buildings developed by Commercial Development Nordics, Europe and USA compared to average.
2019 in brief
Construction margin of 2.4%
Underlying profitability is improving. With more selective bidding, improved commercial focus and increased cost efficiency, profitability has the potential to grow further.
Los Angeles launch
Skanska enters the commercial development market in Los Angeles, USA, its fifth US city, with the acquisition of a site in Beverly Hills dedicated to the office project 9000 Wilshire with the goal to achieve LEED Platinum.
BoKlok launch in the UK
Skanska expands its Residential Development offering to the UK market with the low-cost homes concept BoKlok.
Ranked #20 on Fortune’s Change the World List 2019
CO₂
2045
Net-zero carbon emissions 2045
In 2019, Skanska set the target to achieve net-zero carbon emissions, throughout the value chain. Establishing and fostering innovative partnerships within the value chain will be critical to achieving the climate target.
17
Sold properties in Commercial Property Development business stream according to segment reporting.
177
SEK billion in total revenues.
15
SEK billion in unrealized gains in Project Development including the PPP-portfolio.
Skanska continued its path of improving Construction performance and generating strong value from Project Development. During the year, Construction profitability improved, Commercial Development profits reached a record high, with the expansion to Los Angeles in the USA and BoKlok expanded into the UK. The Group’s guiding principles – our values and purpose – provides a considerable competitive advantage for the years ahead.
**Earnings per share**
15.46
SEK, Earnings per share increased by 62 percent.
**Operating margin – Construction**
2.4%
Successive performance improvement in Construction.
**Capital gains – Commercial Property Development**
4.4
SEK billion in gain on sale, including joint ventures, reached an new all-time-high.
In 2019, our performance improved as we continued to execute our strategic plan. Within our Construction business stream, this involves prioritizing profit ahead of revenue and improving project execution. With Project Development, we are concentrating on creating and realizing value, now and in the coming years.
Overall for the year, operating income was SEK 7.8 billion (4.8). In our Construction stream, we raised the operating margin to 2.4 percent, still below our target of at least 3.5 percent. Return on capital employed in Project Development was 10.3 percent, above our target of at least 10 percent. Also, our return on equity was 21.4 percent (14.1), above our target of at least 18 percent. Our shareholders experienced a price return of 50 percent for the year. Based on our robust financial position, Skanska’s Board of Directors proposes a dividend of SEK 6.25 (6.00).
**Focused on Construction “sweet spots”**
In Construction, our underlying profitability has improved. A significant recovery in Europe and the US and a continued high level of activity in the Nordics were the main drivers. This is a result of our strategy that includes improving the performance of current projects through more proactive risk management, a stronger commercial focus, increased cost efficiency and more discipline in the projects we pursue. Central to this is only targeting projects within our “sweet spots” – the sectors, geographies and contract types in which
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| 35,333 | 42,580 | 40,261 | 40,422 | 34,631 |
| Residential Development | 5,292 | 2,384 | 2,666 | 2,141 | 4,120 | 2,453 | 2,282 | 1,884 |
| Commercial Property Development | 7,063 | 3,886 | 6,017 | 884 | 7,082 | 1,879 | 3,530 | 3,780 |
| Central and eliminations | -3,369 | -2,725 | -3,780 | -3,256 | -4,093 | -3,256 | -3,716 | -3,345 |
| **Total** | 51,397 | 44,514 | 45,769 | 35,102 | 49,689 | 41,337 | 42,518 | 36,950 |
| **Operating income** | | | | | | | | |
| Construction | 1,092 | 1,127 | 1,182 | 371 | 868 | -310 | 582 | -41 |
| Residential Development | 377 | 224 | 396 | 198 | 383 | 504 | 398 | 220 |
| Commercial Property Development | 1,267 | 865 | 1,071 | 84 | 1,281 | 456 | 472 | 860 |
| Central | -247 | -81 | 88 | -148 | -141 | -110 | -114 | -415 |
| of which PPP sales | -29 | 19 | 9 | 25 | 42 | 64 | 41 | -116 |
| Eliminations | -36 | 15 | -17 | -8 | -33 | -53 | 28 |
| **Total** | 2,453 | 2,150 | 2,737 | 488 | 2,383 | 507 | 1,285 | 652 |
Annual General Meeting
The Annual General Meeting (the “Meeting”) of Skanska AB (publ) (the “Company”) will be held on March 26, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. CET at Stockholm Waterfront Congress Centre, Nils Ericsons Plan 4, Stockholm, Sweden.
Right to participate
Shareholders who wish to participate in the Meeting must be recorded in the share register kept by Euroclear Sweden AB, the Swedish central securities depository on Friday, March 22, 2020 and must give notice of intent to participate to the Company no later than on Friday March 20, 2020.
Shareholders with nominee-registered shares held via a bank or other nominee must re-register their shares in their own name with Euroclear Sweden AB to be entitled to participate in the Meeting. Such re-registration, which may be temporary, should be requested from the bank or other nominee acting as trustee well in advance of, March 20, 2020.
Notice to participate in the Meeting may be provided:
By mail to Skanska AB (publ), Årsstämma c/o Euroclear Sweden AB, Box 191, SE-101 23 Stockholm, Sweden
By telephone: +46 8 402 92 81 on weekdays between 9.00 and 4.00 p.m. CET
On the Company’s website: www.group.skanska.com, under the heading “Corporate Governance/Annual General Meeting”
When giving notice, a shareholder must state name, personal identification number or corporate registration number, address, telephone number and, if applicable, the number of attending counsels (no more than two). Shareholders represented by proxy shall issue a written, by the shareholder signed and dated, power of attorney for the representative. The power of attorney may be valid for at most one year from the date of issue, unless the power of attorney specifies a longer period of validity, not to exceed five years from the date of issue. The power of attorney in the original and a certificate of registration or equivalent document of authority shall be sent to the Company at the address set out above well in advance of the Meeting. Shareholders who have duly notified the Company of their participation will receive an admission card, which shall be presented at the entrance to the Meeting venue.
Dividend
The Board of Directors propose a dividend of SEK 6.25 (6.00) per share for the 2019 financial year. The proposal is equivalent to a regular dividend payout totaling SEK 2,572 M (2,462). The Board proposes Monday March 30, 2020 as the record date for the dividend. Provided that the Meeting approves this proposal, the dividend is expected to be distributed by Euroclear AB on Thursday April 2, 2020.
The total dividend amount may change by the record date, depending on repurchases of shares and transfers of shares to participants in the Company’s long-term employee ownership programs.
Investors
Calendar
The Skanska Group’s interim reports will be published on the following dates:
Three Month Report
April 28, 2020
Six Month Report
July 23, 2020
Nine Month Report
November 5, 2020
Year-end Report
February 5, 2021
Distribution and other information
The interim reports and the Annual Report can be read or downloaded from Skanska’s website group.skanska.com/investors.
Those wishing to order the printed Annual Report can easily use the order form found on the above website, or contact Skanska AB, Investor Relations.
The website also contains an archive of interim reports and Annual Reports.
If you have questions, please contact:
Skanska AB, Investor Relations SE-112 74 Stockholm, Sweden Telephone: +46 10 448 00 00
E-mail: [email protected]
Skanska AB (publ)
SE-112 74 Stockholm
Sweden
Street address:
Wartvinges väg 25
Tel: +46 10–448 00 00
www.skanska.com
Skanska Sweden
SE-112 74 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 10–448 00 00
Customer service:
+46 20 30 20 40
www.skanska.se
Skanska Norway
Postboks 1175 Sentrum
NO-0103 Oslo
Street address:
Lakkegata 53
Norway
+47 4000 6400
www.skanska.no
Skanska Finland
PL 114
Naavontie 18
00380 Helsinki
Finland
+358 20 719 211
www.skanska.fi
Skanska Poland
Alley “Solidarności” 173
PL-00 877 Warszawa
Poland
Tel: +48 22 561 30 00
www.skanska.pl
Skanska Czech Republic and Slovakia
Křižíkova 682/34a
186 00 Prague 8, Karlín
Czech Republic
Phone: +420/26/1095 111
www.skanska.cz
www.skanska.sk
Skanska UK
Maple Cross House
Derwent Way
Maple Cross
Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire
WD3 9SW
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1923 776666
www.skanska.co.uk
Skanska USA
Empire State Building
350 Fifth Avenue, 32nd floor
New York
New York 10118
USA
Tel: +1 917 438 4500
www.usa.skanska.com
Skanska USA Building
3891 Jericho Parkway, 5th floor
Parlapani, NJ 07054
USA
Tel: +1 973 753 3500
www.usa.skanska.com
Skanska USA Civil
75–20 Astoria Boulevard
Suite 200
Queens, New York, N.Y. 11370
USA
Tel: +1 718 340 07 77
www.usa.skanska.com
Skanska Commercial Property Development Nordic
SE-112 74 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 10–448 00 00
www.skanska.com/property
Skanska Commercial Property Development Europe
SE-112 74 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 10–448 00 00
www.skanska.com/property
Skanska Commercial Property Development USA
Empire State Building
350 Fifth Avenue, 32nd floor
New York
New York 10118
USA
Tel: +1 917 438 4514
www.usa.skanska.com
Skanska Financial Services
SE-112 74 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 10–448 00 00
www.skanska.com
For other addresses:
www.skanska.com
More information about Skanska:
www.group.skanska.com
Annual and Sustainability Report production team:
Skanska AB in collaboration with JKL
Text: Skanska AB
Print: Brandfactory
Photos: Michael Lemieux, page 8, Aki Rask, page 19, Geoffrey Lyon, page 35, Christopher Villani, page 55, Andrew Parish, page 65, Syngil.no, page 71, Andrei Ivan, page 74, Staffan Andersson, page 75, other pictures Skanska.
Skanska AB
group.skanska.com
Warfvinges väg 25
112 74 Stockholm
Tel: +46 10-448 00 00
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Xtreme VDW 815 Ceramic grouting mortar
Construction Site Requirements:
A stable, load-bearing structure, a water-permeable sub-base and the paving layer must all be correctly designed and installed for the anticipated traffic loads and in accordance with AMTS. Xtreme Ceramic /VDW 815 is designed for small up to large format and cannot be used to compensate any settlement of the substructure, or for the sealing and waterproofing of any surfaces. Movement joints must be installed as necessary to comply with the required structural design and any anticipated levels of movement. The Xtreme Ceramic/VDW815 mortar can be applied on damp / wet paving and in high humidity and even in the rain.
Preparation:
Preparation / Pre-wetting: Clean the surface thoroughly of all dirt, cement residues, organic materials or any other possible contaminants including cleaning out all of the joints to the required depth. Thoroughly pre-wet the surface of the paving and mask adjacent surfaces which are not to be jointed. Mask adjacent areas that are not to be jointed. Always use clean and fresh tap water!
Mixing:
Pre-mix the Xtreme Ceramic VDW 815 resin-coated aggregate (component A) materials in the pail. Then add all of the liquid hardener (component B) from the bottle in the pail and mix with the drill and spherical paddle mixers until smooth and homogeneous. Mixing time: 3 – 5 minutes. Any material that is not thoroughly mixed must not be used. No water should be added during the mixing process.
Filling the joints:
Apply immediately after mixing, by pouring the Xtreme Ceramic VDW 815 directly onto the pre-wetted surface. Work the self-compacting material thoroughly into the joints using a rubber squeegee. If the viscosity of the product diminishes re-moisten by spraying lightly with water from a hose. The paved area must be kept constantly wet during application. We recommend working from the highest to the lowest points. Do not mix part units of the product. Any unmixed material must not be used.
Brushing off:
Remove any excess Xtreme Ceramic /VDW 815 mortar residue from the area after about 5 min. (immediately at temperatures over 20 °C / 68 °F) using a damp coconut fiber brush and then spraying lightly with water from a hose at a distance of about 25 cm. Avoid washing material out of the joints. Be careful to clean the paved surface towards areas not yet jointed and do not allow any water containing residues to pond, stand, dry out or run-off over completed areas. Finally remove any remaining fine residues, again with a lightly spray of water and damp coconut fiber brush – do not brush any residual dry material into any unfilled joints. Clean this brush in water frequently.
Important information:
Remain off the freshly applied areas for a period of min. 24 hours, or until the paving surface is no longer tacky. Then the areas can be walked over. The area can be fully released to vehicular traffic after 3 – 5 days, when fully hardened. In general, a strength test should be carried out before final clearance of the area. A very thin film of the resin binder will remain on rough surfaces or any surfaces that are not cleaned thoroughly. This film will disappear after a period of exposure to traffic and
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L&G UK Equity UCITS ETF
ETF (UCITS compliant) GBP Accumulating ETF Class
RISK AND REWARD PROFILE
FUND AIM
The L&G UK Equity UCITS ETF (the "ETF") aims to track the performance of the Solactive Core United Kingdom Large & Mid Cap Index NTR (the "Index"). More information on the Index can be found on page 2 of this document.
This ETF is rated 5 due to the nature of its investments and its risks.
The rating is calculated based on historical data and may not be a reliable indication of the ETF's future risk profile.
The risk category may shift over time.
The lowest category on the above scale does not mean "risk free".
FUND FACTS
PERFORMANCE (%)
30
20
10
0
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE (%)
Performance for the GBP Accumulating ETF class, listed on 13 November 2018. Source: LGIM. Performance assumes all ETF charges have been taken and that all income generated by the investments, after deduction of tax, remains in the ETF.
Past performance is not a guide to future returns. The value of your investment and any income taken from it is not guaranteed and may go up and down.
As this ETF has been in existence for less than one calendar year, there is insufficient data to provide a useful indication of past performance.
ETF
WHO IS THIS FUND FOR?
* The ETF is designed for investors looking for growth from an investment in UK company shares.
* Although investors can take their money out at any time, this ETF may not be appropriate for those who plan to withdraw their money within five years.
* If you do not understand the information in this document, the key investor information document or the prospectus, we recommend that you seek additional information or advice to help you decide if this ETF is suitable for you.
COSTS
Total expense ratio
0.05%
FUND SNAPSHOT
* Aims to track the performance of the Index
* Invests in a diverse mix of leading UK companies from a variety of sectors
* Employs a straightforward, low-cost and pragmatic index replication approach
ETF (UCITS compliant) GBP Accumulating ETF Class
INDEX BREAKDOWN
The breakdowns below relate to the Index. The ETF's portfolio may deviate from the below. All data source LGIM unless otherwise stated. Totals may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
SECTOR (%)
CURRENCY (%)
n GBP
n n n
USD
EUR
NOK
96.4
2.2
1.2
0.1
INDEX DESCRIPTION
The Index is designed to be a benchmark for the U.K. equity market and measures the performance of large and mid-cap publicly traded U.K. companies which satisfy minimum criteria relating to liquidity and size and excludes companies: (a) engaged in pure coal mining; (b) involved in the production of controversial weapons, such as cluster weapons, anti-personnel mines or biological and chemical weapons; or (c) that, for a continuous period of three years, have been classified as being in breach of at least one of the UN Global Compact principles, which is a set of globally accepted standards on human rights, labour, environment and corruption.
This document is intended for Investment Professionals
n Top 10 constituents44.8%
n Rest of Index55.2%
No. of constituents in Index 108
TOP 10 CONSTITUENTS (%)
INVESTMENT MANAGER
GO ETF Solutions LLP is the investment manager for each of the exchange traded funds (ETFs) issued by Legal & General UCITS ETF Plc and is responsible for the day-to-day investment management decisions for this ETF. The team is highly experienced with respect to all aspects relating to the management of an ETF portfolio, including collateral management, OTC swap trading, adherence to UCITS regulations and counterparty exposure and monitoring.
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KEY RISKS
* An investment in the ETF involves a significant degree of risk. Any decision to invest should be based on the information contained in the relevant prospectus. Prospective investors should obtain their own independent accounting, tax and legal advice and should consult their own professional advisers to ascertain the suitability of the ETF as an investment.
* The value of the shares in the ETF is directly affected by increases and decreases in the value of the Index. Accordingly the value of a share in the ETF may go up or down and a shareholder may lose some or the entire amount invested.
* The ETF's ability to closely track the Index will be affected by its ability to purchase and/or sell the Index constituents and any legal or regulatory restrictions or disruptions affecting them.
* The ETF's ability to closely track the Index will also be affected by transaction costs and taxes incurred when adjusting its investment portfolio generally and/ or to mirror any periodic adjustments to the constituents of the Index. There can be no certainty that ETF shares can always be bought or sold on a stock exchange or that the market price at which the ETF shares may be traded on a stock exchange will reflect the performance of the Index.
* The ETF is subject to the risk that third party service providers (such as a bank entering into swaps with the ETF or the ETF's depositary) may go bankrupt or fail to pay money due to the ETF or return property belonging to the ETF.
* If the Index provider stops calculating the Index or if the ETF's license to track the Index is terminated, the ETF may have to be closed.
* It may not always be possible to buy and sell ETF shares on a stock exchange or at prices closely reflecting the NAV.
* There is no capital guarantee or protection on the value of the ETF. Investors can lose all the capital invested in the ETF.
* Please refer to the "Risk Factors" section of the Issuer's Prospectus and the Fund Supplement.
For more information, please refer to the key investor information document on our website
TRADING INFORMATION
The currency shown is the trading currency of the listing.
This document is intended for Investment Professionals
SPOTLIGHT ON LEGAL & GENERAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT
We are one of Europe's largest asset managers and a major global investor, with assets under management of £984.8 billion (as at 30 June 2018). We work with a wide range of global clients, including pension schemes, sovereign wealth funds, fund distributors and retail investors.
Assets under management include derivative positions and assets managed by LGIMA, an SEC Registered Investment Advisor.
COUNTRY REGISTRATION
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Netherlands
Sweden
Italy
Germany
Luxembourg
Norway
United Kingdom
AVAILABILITY
TO FIND OUT MORE
Visit lgimetf.com
Call 0345 070 8684
Email [email protected]
Lines are open Monday to Friday 8.30am to 6.00pm. We may record and monitor calls. Call charges will vary.
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ETF (UCITS compliant) GBP Accumulating ETF Class
Index Disclaimer
The ETF is not sponsored, promoted, sold or supported by Solactive AG. Nor does Solactive AG offer any express or implicit guarantee or assurance either with regard to the results of using the Index and/or Index trade mark or the Index price, at any time or in any other respect.
The Index is calculated and published by Solactive AG. Solactive AG uses its best efforts to ensure that the Index is calculated correctly. Irrespective of its obligations towards the Company, Solactive AG has no obligation to point out errors in the Index to third parties including, but not limited to, investors and/or financial intermediaries of the ETF. Solactive AG does not guarantee the accuracy and/or the completeness of the Index or any related data, and shall not have any liability for any errors, omissions or interruptions therein.
Neither publication of the Index by Solactive AG, nor the licensing of the Index or Index trade mark, for the purpose of use in connection with the ETF, constitutes a recommendation by Solactive AG to invest capital in said ETF nor does it, in any way, represent an assurance or opinion of Solactive AG with regard to any investment in this ETF. In no event shall Solactive AG have any liability for any lost profits or indirect, punitive, special or consequential damages or losses, even if notified of the possibility thereof.
Important Information
Issued by LGIM ETF Managers Limited as management company for this fund. Registered in Ireland No. 454170. Registered Office: 6th Floor, 2 Grand Canal Square, Dublin, 2, Ireland. Authorised and Regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland No. C50537.
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Summary Overview of National Parcel Data Summit
As Developed by the HIFLD Executive Secretariat
For the FGDC Coordination Group
12 July 2016
Overarching Objectives for this Summit
Revisit the status and benefit of national parcel-level data.
Identify possible approaches for achieving a comprehensive national parcel level dataset.
Explore the appropriate role of the Federal Government.
Brainstorm incentives to increase parcel data sharing.
Summit Agenda
Segment
| Opening Summit Logistics Introduction of Summit Hosts Objectives and Scene-Setting | 0800-0815 | Mr. Travis Hardy Mr. Matt Karli Mr. David Alexander Ms. Tricia Gibbons | HIFLD Exec Sec HIFLD Commercial Member Agency Summit Host Summit Facilitator |
|---|---|---|---|
| Welcome (VTC) | 0815-0830 | Ms. Jennifer Gimbel Mr. Ivan DeLoatch | DOI FGDC |
| National Parcel System Value Proposition | 0830-0900 | Dr. David Cowen | University of South Carolina |
| Evolution of HIFLD and Parcel Activities | 0900-0910 | Mr. Mike Piscotti | HIFLD/NGA |
| Cadastral Subcommittee Activities | 0910-0920 | Mr. Don Buhler | FGDC/BLM |
| Video Message About Parcel Data | 0920-0930 | Mr. Jack Dangermond | Esri |
| Break | 0930-0940 | | |
| Opening Session Review | 0940-0950 | Mr. David Alexander | DHS |
| CP #1: State-level | 0950-1000 | Mr. Jim Sparks | State of Indiana |
| CP #2: State-level | 1000-1010 | Mr. Cy Smith | Oregon GIO |
| CP #3: Local-level | 1010-1020 | Mr. Stan Duncan | NC GICC |
| CP #4: Local-level | 1020-1030 | Mr. Tony Lindauer | Jefferson County KY PVA |
| Mid-Session Review | 1030-1040 | Ms. Tricia Gibbons | Summit Facilitator |
| CP #5: Commercial | 1040-1050 | Mr. Steve Stautzenbach | Digital Map Products |
| CP #6: Organizational-level | 1050-1100 | Ms. Susan Marlow | Stantec |
| NGAC Perspective | 1100-1120 | Mr. Bert Granberg | State of Utah |
| Facilitated Discussion: Alignment of Community Perspectives | 1120-1150 | Ms. Tricia Gibbons | Summit Facilitator |
| Lunch | 1150-1300 | | |
| Addressing requirements for NAD and Parcel Data | 1300-1400 | Mr. Tim Trainor Mr. Steve Lewis | Census DOT |
| Facilitated Discussion: Identifying Federal Coordination in this Effort | 1400-1445 | Mr. Don Buhler Mr. Ivan DeLoatch Mr. David Alexander Mr. Tim Trainor | BLM FGDC HIFLD Census |
| FD: Plan of Action | 1445-1515 | Ms. Tricia Gibbons | Summit Facilitator |
| Closing Remarks | 1515-1530 | Mr. David Alexander | DHS |
Schedule
UNCLASSIFIED
Speaker
Organization
Summit Participation
120+ Registered Attendees
Representation from:
22 Federal Departments/Agencies
20 State/Local Governments
18 Private Sector Organizations
4 Trade Associations or Advisory Councils
* (i.e. IAAO, MAPPS, NAPSG, NGAC)
High-Level Themes That Emerged
Parcel data starts with local jurisdictions.
There remains a demonstrated need for an aggregated National parcel data set.
Federal leadership, coordination, and resource investment is needed.
Barriers appear to fall more along cultural and institutional lines – not technical.
Still need strong data standards
Consider leveraging/licensing private sector investments in normalizing and aggregating National parcel data
Consolidated Feedback from Attendees
Overall attendees felt that the summit did meet their expectations.
Appreciated the depth and breadth of perspectives that were represented, as well as the open discussions.
Want to see a lead 'Federal Champion(s)' emerge for this idea, as we have seen in NAD and 3DEP.
Very much want to harness the momentum created by this forum to create real and tangible progress.
Some Action Items That Emerged
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is proceeding with a limited procurement for National –level parcel data to service immediate HLS/HLD requirements
HIFLD Executive Secretariat has been tasked to host a follow up requirements workshop with the broader Federal Depts/Agencies to enumerate Federal requirements for parcel data
Oregon GIO, along with other interested attendees/associations will be formulating a 'position paper' to pose recommendations or suggested courses of actions they might wish the Federal Government pursue in regards to establishing a 'whole-of-the-Nation' approach to aggregating a National Parcel Data layer.
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Worst-Case Analysis of Selective Sampling for Linear-Threshold Algorithms
Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi
DSI, University of Milan
[email protected]
Claudio Gentile
Università dell’Insubria
[email protected]
Luca Zaniboni
DTI, University of Milan
[email protected]
Abstract
We provide a worst-case analysis of selective sampling algorithms for learning linear threshold functions. The algorithms considered in this paper are Perceptron-like algorithms, i.e., algorithms which can be efficiently run in any reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Our algorithms exploit a simple margin-based randomized rule to decide whether to query the current label. We obtain selective sampling algorithms achieving on average the same bounds as those proven for their deterministic counterparts, but using much fewer labels. We complement our theoretical findings with an empirical comparison on two text categorization tasks. The outcome of these experiments is largely predicted by our theoretical results: Our selective sampling algorithms tend to perform as good as the algorithms receiving the true label after each classification, while observing in practice substantially fewer labels.
1 Introduction
In this paper, we consider learning binary classification tasks with partially labelled data via selective sampling. A selective sampling algorithm (e.g., [3, 12, 7] and references therein) is an on-line learning algorithm that receives a sequence of unlabelled instances, and decides whether or not to query the label of the current instance based on instances and labels observed so far. The idea is to let the algorithm determine which labels are most useful to its inference mechanism, so that redundant examples can be discarded on the fly and labels can be saved.
The overall goal of selective sampling is to fit real-world scenarios where labels are scarce or expensive. As a by now classical example, in a web-searching task, collecting web pages is a fairly automated process, but assigning them a label (a set of topics) often requires time-consuming and costly human expertise. In these cases, it is clearly important to devise learning algorithms having the ability to exploit the label information as much as possible. Furthermore, when we consider kernel-based algorithms [23, 9, 21], saving labels directly implies saving support vectors in the currently built hypothesis, which, in turn, implies saving running time in both training and test phases.
Many algorithms have been proposed in the literature to cope with the broad task of learning with partially labelled data, working under both probabilistic and worst-case assumptions, for either on-line or batch settings. These range from active learning algorithms [8, 22],
to the query-by-committee algorithm [12], to the adversarial “apple tasting” and label-efficient algorithms investigated in [16] and [17, 6], respectively. In this paper we present a worst-case analysis of two Perceptron-like selective sampling algorithms. Our analysis relies on and contributes to a well-established way of studying linear-threshold algorithms within the mistake bound model of on-line learning (e.g., [18, 15, 11, 13, 14, 5]). We show how to turn the standard versions of the (first-order) Perceptron algorithm [20] and the second-order Perceptron algorithm [5] into selective sampling algorithms exploiting a randomized margin-based criterion (inspired by [6]) to select labels, while preserving in expectation the same mistake bounds.
In a sense, this line of research complements an earlier work on selective sampling [7], where a second-order kind of algorithm was analyzed under precise stochastic assumptions about the way data are generated. This is exactly what we face in this paper: we avoid any assumption whatsoever on the data-generating process, but we are still able to prove meaningful statements about the label efficiency features of our algorithms.
In order to give some empirical evidence for our analysis, we made some experiments on two medium-size text categorization tasks. These experiments confirm our theoretical results, and show the effectiveness of our margin-based label selection rule.
2 Preliminaries, notation
An example is a pair \((x, y)\), where \(x \in \mathbb{R}^n\) is an instance vector and \(y \in \{-1, +1\}\) is the associated binary label. A training set \(S\) is any finite sequence of examples \(S = (x_1, y_1), \ldots, (x_T, y_T) \in (\mathbb{R}^n \times \{-1, +1\})^T\). We say that \(S\) is linearly separable if there exists a vector \(u \in \mathbb{R}^n\) such that \(y_t u^\top x_t > 0\) for \(t = 1, \ldots, T\).
We consider the following selective sampling variant of a standard on-line learning model (e.g., [18, 24, 19, 15] and references therein). This variant has been investigated in [6] for a version of Littlestone’s Winnow algorithm [18, 15]. Learning proceeds on-line in a sequence of trials. In the generic trial \(t\) the algorithm receives instance \(x_t\) from the environment, outputs a prediction \(\hat{y}_t \in \{-1, +1\}\) about the label \(y_t\) associated with \(x_t\), and decides whether or not to query the label \(y_t\). No matter what the algorithm decides, we say that the algorithm has made a prediction mistake if \(\hat{y}_t \neq y_t\). We measure the performance of the algorithm by the total number of mistakes it makes on \(S\) (including the trials where the true label remains hidden). Given a comparison class of predictors, the goal of the algorithm is to bound the amount by which this total number of mistakes differs, on an arbitrary sequence \(S\), from some measure of the performance of the best predictor in hindsight within the comparison class. Since we are dealing with (zero-threshold) linear-threshold algorithms, it is natural to assume the comparison class be the set of all (zero-threshold) linear-threshold predictors, i.e., all (possibly normalized) vectors \(u \in \mathbb{R}^n\). Given a margin value \(\gamma > 0\), we measure the performance of \(u\) on \(S\) by its cumulative hinge loss\(^1\) \([11, 13]\)
\[
\sum_{t=1}^{T} D_\gamma(u; (x_t, y_t)),
\]
where \(D_\gamma(u; (x_t, y_t)) = \max\{0, \gamma - y_t u^\top x_t\}\).
Broadly speaking, the goal of the selective sampling algorithm is to achieve the best bound on the number of mistakes with as few queried labels as possible. As in [6], our algorithms exploit a margin-based randomized rule to decide which labels to query. Thus, our mistake bounds are actually worst-case over the training sequence and average-case over the internal randomization of the algorithms. All expectations occurring in this paper are w.r.t. this randomization.
3 The algorithms and their analysis
As a simple example, we start by turning the classical Perceptron algorithm [20] into a worst-case selective sampling algorithm. The algorithm, described in Figure 1, has a real
\(^1\)The cumulative hinge loss measures to what extent hyperplane \(u\) separates \(S\) at margin \(\gamma\). This is also called the soft margin in the SVM literature [23, 9, 21].
**ALGORITHM** Selective sampling second-order Perceptron algorithm
Parameter $b > 0$.
**Initialization:** $A_0 = I; \ v_0 = 0; \ k = 1$.
**For** $t = 1, 2, \ldots$ **do:**
1. Get $\hat{x}_t \in \mathbb{R}^n$ and set $r_t = v_{k-1}^\top (A_{k-1} + \hat{x}_t \hat{x}_t^\top)^{-1} \hat{x}_t$, $\hat{x}_t = x_t / ||x_t||$;
2. predict with $\hat{y}_t = \text{SGN}(r_t) \in \{-1, +1\}$;
3. draw a Bernoulli random variable $Z_t \in \{0, 1\}$ of parameter
\[
\frac{b}{b + |r_t| + \frac{1}{2} r_t^2 \left(1 + \hat{x}_t^\top A_{k-1}^{-1} \hat{x}_t\right)};
\]
4. **if** $Z_t = 1$ **then:**
- (a) ask for label $y_t \in \{-1, +1\}$,
- (b) **if** $\hat{y}_t \neq y_t$ **then** update as follows:
\[
v_k = v_{k-1} + y_t \hat{x}_t, \quad A_k = A_{k-1} + \hat{x}_t \hat{x}_t^\top, \quad
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this graphical representation, we selected the 50 most frequent categories from RCV1, those with frequency larger than 1%. The standard second-order algorithm is denoted by 2ND-ORDER-ALL-LABELS, the selective sampling algorithms in Figures 1 and 2 are denoted by 1ST-ORDER and 2ND-ORDER, respectively, whereas the second-order algorithm with constant label request is denoted by 2ND-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS.\footnote{We omitted to report on the first-order algorithms 1ST-ORDER-ALL-LABELS and 1ST-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS, since they are always outperformed by their corresponding second-order algorithms.}
As evinced by Figure 3(a), there is a range of values for parameter $b$ that makes 2ND-ORDER achieve almost the same performance as 2ND-ORDER-ALL-LABELS, but with a substantial reduction in the total number of queried labels.\footnote{Notice that the figures are plotting instantaneous label rates, hence the overall fraction of queried labels is obtained by integration.} In Figure 3(b) we report the results of running 2ND-ORDER, 1ND-ORDER and 2ND-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS after choosing values for $b$ that make the average F-measure achieved by 2ND-ORDER just slightly larger than those achieved by the other two algorithms. We then compared the resulting label request rates and found 2ND-ORDER largely best among the three algorithms (its instantaneous label rate after 40,000 examples is less than 19%). We made similar experiments for specific categories in RCV1. On the most frequent ones (such as category 70 – Figure 3(c)) this behavior gets emphasized. Finally, in Figure 3(d) we report a direct macroaveraged F-measure comparison
Figure 3: Instantaneous F-measure and instantaneous label-request rate on the RCV1 dataset. We solved a binary classification problem for each class and then (macro)averaged the results. All curves tend to flatten after about 24,000 examples (out of 40,000). (a) Instantaneous macroaveraged F-measure of 2ND-ORDER (for three values of $b$) and their corresponding label-request curves. For the very sake of comparison, we also included the F-measure of 2ND-ORDER-ALL-LABELS. (b) Comparison among 2ND-ORDER, 1ST-ORDER and 2ND-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS. (c) Same comparison on a specific category. (d) F-measure of 2ND-ORDER vs. F-measure of 2ND-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS for 5 values of parameter $b$, after 40,000 examples.
between 2ND-ORDER and 2ND-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS for 5 values of $b$. On the x-axis are the resulting 5 values of the constant bias $\hat{p}(b)$. As expected, 2ND-ORDER outperforms 2ND-ORDER-FIXED-BIAS, though the difference between the two tends to shrink as $b$ (or, equivalently, $\hat{p}(b)$) gets larger.
5 Conclusions and open problems
We have introduced new Perceptron-like selective sampling algorithms for learning linear-threshold functions. We analyzed these algorithms in a worst-case on-line learning setting, providing bounds on both the expected number of mistakes and the expected number of labels requested. Our theoretical investigation naturally arises from the traditional way margin-based algorithms are analyzed in the mistake bound model of on-line learning [18, 15, 11, 13, 14, 5]. This investigation suggests that our worst-case selective sampling algorithms can achieve on average the same accuracy as that of their more standard relatives, but allowing a substantial label saving. These theoretical results are corroborated by our empirical comparison on textual data, where we have shown that: (1) the selective sampling algorithms tend to be unaffected by observing less and less labels; (2) if we fix ahead of time the total number of label observations, the margin-driven way of distributing these observations over the training set is largely more effective than a random one.
We close by two simple open questions. (1) Our selective sampling algorithms depend on a scale parameter $b$ having a significant influence on their practical performance. Is there any
principled way of adaptively tuning $b$ so as to reduce the algorithms’ sensitivity to tuning parameters? (2) Theorems 1 and 2 do not make any explicit statement about the number of weight updates/support vectors computed by our selective sampling algorithms. We would like to see a theoretical argument that enables us to combine the bound on the number of mistakes with that on the number of labels, giving rise to a meaningful upper bound on the number of updates.
References
[1] The OHSUMED test collection. URL: medir.ohsu.edu/pub/ohsumed/.
[2] Reuters corpus volume 1. URL: about.reuters.com/researchandstandards/corpus/.
[3] Atlas, L., Cohn, R., and Ladner, R. (1990). Training connectionist networks with queries and selective sampling. In *NIPS* 2. MIT Press.
[4] Azoury, K.S., and Warmuth, M.K. (2001). Relative loss bounds for on-line density estimation with the exponential family of distributions. *Machine Learning*, 43(3):211–246, 2001.
[5] Cesa-Bianchi, N., Conconi, A., and Gentile, C. (2002). A second-order Perceptron algorithm. In *Proc. 15th COLT*, pp. 121–137. LNAI 2375, Springer.
[6] Cesa-Bianchi, N., Lugosi, G., and Stoltz, G. (2004). Minimizing Regret with Label Efficient Prediction In *Proc. 17th COLT*, to appear.
[7] Cesa-Bianchi, N., Conconi, A., and Gentile, C. (2003). Learning probabilistic linear-threshold classifiers via selective sampling. In *Proc. 16th COLT*, pp. 373–386. LNAI 2777, Springer.
[8] Campbell, C., Cristianini, N., and Smola, A. (2000). Query learning with large margin classifiers. In *Proc. 17th ICML*, pp. 111–118. Morgan Kaufmann.
[9] Cristianini, N., and Shawe-Taylor, J. (2001). *An Introduction to Support Vector Machines*. Cambridge University Press.
[10] Forster, J. On relative loss bounds in generalized linear regression. (1999). In *Proc. 12th Int. Symp. FCT*, pp. 269–280, Springer.
[11] Freund, Y., and Schapire, R. E. (1999). Large margin classification using the perceptron algorithm. *Machine Learning*, 37(3), 277–296.
[12] Freund, Y., Seung, S., Shamir, E., and Tishby, N. (1997). Selective sampling using the query by committee algorithm. *Machine Learning*, 28(2/3):133–168.
[13] Gentile, C. & Warmuth, M. (1998). Linear hinge loss and average margin. In *NIPS 10*, MIT Press, pp. 225–231.
[14] Gentile, C. (2003). The robustness of the $p$-norm algorithms. *Machine Learning*, 53(3), 265–299.
[15] Grove, A.J., Littlestone, N., & Schuurmans, D. (2001). General convergence results for linear discriminant updates. *Machine Learning*, 43(3), 173–210.
[16] Helmbold, D.P., Littlestone, N. and Long, P.M. (2000). Apple tasting. *Information and Computation*, 161(2), 85–139.
[17] Helmbold, D.P. and Panizza, S. (1997). Some label efficient learning results. In *Proc. 10th COLT*, pp. 218–230. ACM Press.
[18] Littlestone, N. (1988). Learning quickly when irrelevant attributes abound: a new linear-threshold algorithm. *Machine Learning*, 2(4), 285–318.
[19] Littlestone, N., and Warmuth, M.K. (1994). The weighted majority algorithm. *Information and Computation*, 108(2), 212–261.
[20] F. Rosenblatt. (1958). The Perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. *Psychol. Review*, 65, 386–408.
[21] Schölkopf, B., and Smola, A. (2002). *Learning with kernels*. MIT Press, 2002.
[22] Tong, S., and Koller, D. (2000). Support vector machine active learning with applications to text classification. In *Proc. 17th ICML*. Morgan Kaufmann.
[23] Vapnik, V.N. (1998). *Statistical Learning Theory*. Wiley.
[24] Vovk, V. (1990). Aggregating strategies. *Proc. 3rd COLT*, pp. 371–383. Morgan Kaufmann.
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Centre Number
Candidate Number Name
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
ACCOUNTING
0452/03
Paper 3
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.
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Answer all questions.
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The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
You may use a calculator.
Where layouts are to be completed, you may not need all the lines for your answer.
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If you have been given a label, look at the details. If any details are incorrect or missing, please fill in your correct details in the space given at the top of this page.
Stick your personal label here, if provided.
This document consists of
15
printed pages and
blank page.
[Turn over www.theallpapers.com
1
May/June 2003
1 hour 45 minutes
1 Ian Selkirk is a sole trader who maintains a full set of accounting records. He divides his ledger into three sections – general ledger, purchases ledger and sales ledger.
(a) State and explain one advantage of dividing the ledger into these three sections.
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(b) Name two accounts which would appear in the general ledger.
(i)...................................................................................................................................
(ii)...............................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Ian Selkirk prepares control accounts for his purchases and sales ledgers at the end of each month.
On 1 April 2003 the balances brought down on the control accounts were –
$
Purchases Ledger Control account 1960 credit
Sales Ledger Control account
1750 debit
Sales Ledger Control account
100 credit
Totals of the journals for April 2003 were –
$
Purchases Journal
4190
Sales Journal
5150
Purchases Returns Journal
135
Sales Returns Journal
270
The Cash Book for April 2003 showed –
$
Cheques received from debtors
4990
Cheques paid to creditors
3830
Cheque paid to debtor in respect of
overpayment
100
Discount allowed
110
Discount received
180
The journal entries for April 2003 showed –
$
Bad debts written off
74
Prepare Ian Selkirk's Purchases Ledger Control account and Sales Ledger Control account for the month of April 2003. Bring down the balances on 1 May 2003.
Purchases Ledger Control account
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Sales Ledger Control account
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2 The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Amir Sadiq as at 31 March 2003.
Additional information
1. At 31 March 2003:
Stock was valued at $10200.
Wages outstanding amounted to $1080.
Insurance prepaid amounted to $210.
2. During the year ended 31 March 2003 Amir took goods costing $300 for his own use. No entries had been made in the accounting records.
3. The provision for doubtful debts is to be maintained at 2% of the debtors.
4. Motor vehicles are to be depreciated at 20% per annum using the reducing balance method.
5. Fixtures and equipment were valued at $2800 on 31 March 2003. No fixtures and equipment were bought or sold during the year ended 31 March 2003.
(a) Prepare the Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Amir Sadiq for the year ended 31 March 2003.
A Balance Sheet is not required.
Amir Sadiq
Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31 March 2003
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debts account.
At 31 January 2003 Suzi's debtors owed $40000, and she decided to maintain the provision for doubtful debts at 2% of the debtors.
Write up the Provision for Doubtful Debts account in Suzi's ledger for the year ended 31 January 2003.
Provision for Doubtful Debts account
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12
(c) State four ways in which Suzi Iyambo could reduce the risk of bad debts.
(i)...................................................................................................................................
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(ii)...................................................................................................................................
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(iii)...................................................................................................................................
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(iv)...................................................................................................................................
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For
Examiner's
Use
BLANK PAGE
5 The Cobbydale Sports Club was formed on 1 May 2002.
The treasurer produced the following information for the year ended 30 April 2003.
Receipts and Payments Account for the year ended 30 April 2003
Additional notes –
1. At 30 April 2003
2. The equipment is expected to have a useful life of 6 years after which time its scrap value is expected to be $200. Depreciation is to be provided using the straight line (equal instalment) method. A full year's depreciation is charged in the year of purchase.
(a) Prepare the Income and Expenditure Account of the Cobbydale Sports Club for the year ended 30 April 2003.
Cobbydale Sports Club
Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 30 April 2003
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(b) (i) Select one of the items appearing in the Receipts and Payments Account which should not be included in the Income and Expenditure Account and explain why it does not appear.
Item...........................................................
Explanation................................................................................................................
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(ii) Select one of the items appearing in the Income and Expenditure Account which does not appear in the Receipts and Payments Account and explain why it does not appear.
Item...........................................................
Explanation................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Prepare the Balance Sheet of the Cobbydale Sports Club as at 30 April 2003.
Cobbydale Sports Club
Balance Sheet as at 30 April 2003
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Local and Global Well-Posedness for Aggregation Equations and Patlak-Keller-Segel Models with Degenerate Diffusion
Jacob Bedrossian and Nancy Rodríguez and Andrea Bertozzi
July 11, 2010
Abstract
Recently, there has been a wide interest in the study of aggregation equations and Patlak-Keller-Segel (PKS) models for chemotaxis with degenerate diffusion. The focus of this paper is the unification and generalization of the well-posedness theory of these models. We prove local well-posedness on bounded domains for dimensions $d \geq 2$ and in all of space for $d \geq 3$, the uniqueness being a result previously not known for PKS with degenerate diffusion. We generalize the notion of criticality for PKS and show that subcritical problems are globally well-posed. For a fairly general class of problems, we prove the existence of a critical mass which sharply divides the possibility of finite time blow up and global existence. Moreover, we compute the critical mass for fully general problems and show that solutions with smaller mass exists globally. For a class of supercritical problems we prove finite time blow up is possible for initial data of arbitrary mass.
1 Introduction
Nonlocal aggregation phenomena have been studied in a wide variety of biological applications such as migration patterns in ecological systems [14, 55, 47, 26, 15] and Patlak-Keller-Segel (PKS) models of chemotaxis [25, 49, 27, 33, 36]. Diffusion is generally included in these models to account for the dispersal of organisms. Classically, linear diffusion is used, however recently, there has been a widening interest in models with degenerate diffusion to include over-crowding effects [55, 15]. The parabolic-elliptic PKS is the most widely studied model for aggregation, where the nonlocal effects are modeled by convolution with the Newtonian or Bessel potential. On the other hand, in population dynamics, the nonlocal effects are generally modeled with smooth, fast-decaying kernels. However, all of these models are describing the same mathematical phenomenon: the competition between nonlocal aggregation and diffusion. For this reason, we are interested in unifying and extending the local and global well-posedeness theory of general aggregation models with degenerate diffusion of the form
\begin{align}
u_t + \nabla \cdot (u \vec{v}) &= \Delta A(u) \quad \text{in } [0, T) \times D, \\
\vec{v} &= \nabla K * u.
\end{align}
Mathematical works most relevant this paper are those with degenerate diffusion [8, 52, 53, 54, 11, 35, 34] and those from the classical PKS literature [31, 24, 13, 12]. See also [32].
Existence theory is complicated by the presence of degenerate diffusion and singular kernels such as the Newtonian potential. Bertozzi and Slepčev in [8] prove existence and uniqueness of models with general diffusion but restrict to non-singular kernels. Sugiyama [54] proved local existence for models with power-law diffusion and the Bessel potential for the kernel, but uniqueness of solutions was left open. We extend the work of [8] to prove the local existence of (1) with degenerate diffusion and singular kernels including the Bessel and Newtonian potentials. The existing work on uniqueness of these problems included a priori regularity assumptions [35] or the use of entropy solutions [15] (see also [18]). The Lagrangian method introduced by Loeper in [44] estimates the difference of weak solutions in the Wasserstein distance and is very useful for inviscid problems or problems with linear diffusion [43, 6, 21]. In the presence of nonlinear diffusion, it seems more natural to approach uniqueness in $H^{-1}$, where the diffusion is monotone (see [56]).
This is the approach taken in [4, 8], which we extend to handle singular kernels such as the Newtonian potential, proving uniqueness of weak solutions with no additional assumptions, provided the domain is bounded or $d \geq 3$. The new insight is using a more refined estimate to handle the lower regularity of $\nabla K * u$, similar to the traditional proof of uniqueness of $L^1 \cap L^\infty$-vorticity solutions to the 2D Euler equations [59, 45].
There is a natural notion of criticality associated with this problem, which roughly corresponds to the balance between the aggregation and diffusion. For problems with homogeneous kernels and power-law diffusion, $K = c |x|^{2-d}$ and $A(u) = u^m$, a simple scaling heuristic suggests that these forces are in balance if $m = 2 - 2/d$ [11]. If $m > 2 - 2/d$ then the problem is subcritical and the diffusion is dominant. On the other hand, if $m < 2 - 2/d$ then the problem is supercritical and the aggregation is dominant. For the PKS with power-law diffusion, Sugiyama showed global existence for subcritical problems and that finite time blow up is possible for supercritical problems [54, 53, 52]. We extend this notion of criticality to general problems by observing that only the behavior of the solution at high concentrations will divide finite time blow up from global existence (see Definition 6). We show global well-posedness for subcritical problems and finite time blow up for certain supercritical problems.
If the problem is critical, it is well-known that in PKS there exists a critical mass, and solutions with larger mass can blow up in finite time [13, 31, 10, 24, 12, 16, 11, 52, 53]. For linear diffusion, the same critical mass has been identified for the Bessel and Newtonian potentials [13, 16]; however for nonlinear diffusion, the critical mass has only been identified for the Newtonian potential [11]. In this paper we extend the free energy methods of [11, 24, 12] to estimate the critical mass for a wide range of kernels and nonlinear diffusion, which include these known results. For a smaller class of problems, including standard PKS models, we show this estimate is sharp.
The problem (1) is formally a gradient flow with respect to the Euclidean Wasserstein distance for the free energy
$$\mathcal{F}(u(t)) = S(u(t)) - \mathcal{W}(u(t)), \quad (2)$$
where the entropy $S(u(t))$ and the interaction energy $\mathcal{W}(u(t))$ are given by
$$S(u(t)) = \int \Phi(u(x,t)) dx,$$
$$\mathcal{W}(u(t)) = \frac{1}{2} \int \int u(x,t) K(x-y) u(y,t) dxdy.$$
For the degenerate parabolic problems we consider, the entropy density $\Phi(z)$ is a strictly convex function satisfying
$$\Phi''(z) = \frac{A'(z)}{z}, \quad \Phi'(1) = 0, \quad \Phi(0) = 0. \quad (3)$$
See [20] for more information on these kinds of entropies. Although there is a rich theory for gradient flows of this general type when the kernel is regular and $\lambda$-convex [46, 3, 19], the kernels we consider here are more singular and the notion of displacement convexity introduced in [46] no longer holds. Although the rigorous results of the gradient flow theory may not be applicable, the free energy (2) is still the important dissipated quantity in the global existence and finite time blow up arguments. The free energy has been used by many authors for the same purpose, see for instance [52, 13, 11, 5, 12]. For the remainder of the paper we only consider initial data with finite free energy, although the local existence arguments may hold in more generality.
There is a vast literature of related works on models similar to (1). For literature on PKS we refer the reader to the review articles [30, 29]; see also [23, 21, 16] for parabolic-parabolic Keller-Segel systems. For the inviscid problem, see the recent works of [37, 5, 4, 6, 19]. For a study of these equations with fractional linear diffusion see [38, 39, 9]. When the diffusion is sufficiently nonlinear and the kernel is in $L^1$, (1) may be written as a regularized interface problem, a notion studied in [50]. Critical mass behavior is also a property of the marginal unstable thin film equation [58, 7] and the mass-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation [57].
Outline of Paper. In Section 1 we state the relevant definitions and notation. Furthermore, we give a summary of the main results but reserve the proofs for subsequent sections. In Section 2 we prove the uniqueness result. Local existence is proved in Section 3. The first result is proved on bounded domains in $d \geq 2$ and the second is proved on all space for $d \geq 3$. In Section 4 we prove a continuation theorem. The global well-posedness results are proved in Section 5. In addition, we prove a uniform boundedness theorem. Finally, in Section 6 we prove the finite time blow up results.
1.1 Definitions and Assumptions
We consider either $D = \mathbb{R}^d$ with $d \geq 3$ or $D$ smooth, bounded and convex with $d \geq 2$, in which case we
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WRANGLER UNLIMITED SAHARA 4X4
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GOVERNMENT 5–STAR SAFETY RATINGS
This vehicle has not been rated by the government for frontal crash, side crash or rollover risk.
Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) www.safercar.gov or 1–888–327–4236
PARTS CONTENT INFORMATION
FOR VEHICLES IN THIS CARLINE:
U.S./CANADIAN PARTS CONTENT: 62%
MAJOR SOURCES OF FOREIGN PARTS
CONTENT:
MEXICO : 21%
NOTE: PARTS CONTENT DOES NOT INCLUDE FINAL
ASSEMBLY, DISTRIBUTION, OR OTHER
NON–PARTS COSTS.
FOR THIS VEHICLE:
FINAL ASSEMBLY POINT:
TOLEDO, OHIO, U.S.A.
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN:
ENGINE: ITALY
TRANSMISSION: UNITED
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Experimental Studies of the Charge Limit Phenomenon in NEA GaAs Photocathodes*
H. Tang, R.K. Alley, H. Aoyagi†, J.E. Clendenin, J.C. Frisch, G.A. Mulholland, P.J. Saez, D.C. Schultz, and J.L. Turner
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
Abstract
Negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes have been in continuous use at SLAC for generating polarized electron beams since early 1992. If the quantum efficiency of a GaAs cathode is below a critical value, the maximum photoemitted charge with photons of energies close to the band gap in a 2-ns pulse is found to be limited by the intrinsic properties of the cathode instead of by the space charge limit. We have studied this novel charge limit phenomenon in a variety of GaAs photocathodes of different structures and doping densities. We find that the charge limit is strongly dependent on the cathode's quantum efficiency and the extraction electric field, and to a lesser degree on the excitation laser wavelength. In addition, we show that the temporal behavior of the charge limit depends critically on the doping density.
1 INTRODUCTION
Polarized electrons generated by photoemission from negative electron affinity (NEA) GaAs cathodes with circularly polarized light have been in continuous use for high energy physics programs at SLAC since the spring of 1992 [1,2]. The demand for the highest possible polarization of the electron beam dictates that the energy of the excitation photons must be very close to the band gap energy of the cathode material. Operating under such a condition revealed a new phenomenon in the physics of photoemission from NEA semiconductor cathodes — if the quantum efficiency (QE) of the cathode is below a critical value the total charge extractable from a cathode within a short pulse, on the order of a few nanoseconds, saturates to a limit that is less than what the space charge limit permits [3,4]. This novel charge saturation phenomenon is referred to as the charge limit. Since the SLC requirement for beam intensity is very high as it is for future linear colliders, the charge limit effect imposes a significant constraint on the usability of NEA photocathodes. We report in this paper a systematic study on the charge limit effect.
2 EXPERIMENTAL
The photocathodes used for the study were those of thin (ranging in thickness from 100 nm to 300 nm), strained GaAs capable of producing high polarization (>60%) electrons. The conclusions of this study are, however, general and applicable to all other types of GaAs-based photocathodes. The experiments were conducted by using the Gun Test Facility at SLAC, which consists of a 20-mm cathode aperture diode gun [5] coupled with a loadlock system [5], two pulsed Ti:Sapphire lasers [5], and an electron beam line terminating into a Faraday cup. To simulate the SLC configuration, one Ti:Sapphire laser was always tuned to a wavelength close to the band gap threshold of the cathode material under study appropriate for producing a high-polarization production beam, whereas the other had a fixed wavelength of about 775 nm for producing a non-polarized scavenger beam. Both lasers had a Gaussian like pulse shape with a pulse width (full width at half maximum) of about 2 ns. Their spot sizes were adjusted to >20 mm at the cathode so that full illumination is ensured. An 833 nm low power cw diode laser was used for QE measurements with a spot size of 14 mm centered on the cathode. Here QE is defined as the linear photoemission response of a cathode to low power light illumination. Specifically, it is the number of photoemitted electrons normalized by the number of incident photons prior to entering the gun vacuum. Unless otherwise stated, the cathode was always negatively biased at 120 kV and maintained at a temperature close to 0 °C. The cathodes were prepared following well established procedures that include heat cleaning to 600 °C for one hour followed by activation with Cs and NF₃ to achieve NEA. The vacuum level in the gun was on the order of $1 \times 10^{-11}$ Torr.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A typical saturation plot showing the charge limit effect is displayed in Figure 1. For this measurement, a 300 nm 5×10¹⁶ cm⁻³ Zn-doped strained GaAs cathode was used, and the laser had a pulse width of 1.8 ns and a wavelength of 865 nm, corresponding to the cathode's band gap threshold. The QE of the cathode was 0.38% measured at 833 nm. The maximum extracted charge of 3.5×10¹⁰ electrons is significantly less than that of the space charge limited case, which is in excess of 16×10¹⁰ electrons. Representative temporal profiles of the charge pulses measured with a fast gap monitor at laser pulse energies spanning the linear response and heavily saturated regions are also shown in Figure 1. Several important characteristics of the charge limit phenomenon are readily recognizable from this figure. (i) Once the photoemission is charge limited, further increase in the laser pulse energy leads to a monotonic decrease in the photo-emitted charge. (ii) With increasing laser pulse energy in the charge limited region, the charge pulse peaks at an increasingly earlier time and shrinks in width as a result of suppressed emission in the later portion of the pulse. (iii) In the charge limit region, the peak current of the charge pulse remains nearly the same but below the space charge limit for varying laser pulse energies. Thus, it is the peak pulse current saturation, i.e., in the sense that it is below the space charge limit, and the suppression of the later portion of the charge pulse that causes the observed charge limit effect.
Similar charge limit behaviors were observed with the 775 nm Ti:Sapphire pulsed laser, but with a higher peak current than that of the corresponding 865 nm charge limit. The disparity between the charge limits measured at 865 nm and...
775 nm depends inversely on the QE, varying from a few percent at the maximum QE to nearly 50% at the lowest measured QE of 0.05% [6]. Such a dependence on the wavelength suggests the increasing importance of hot electrons to photoemission as the surface NEA condition deteriorates. Our measurements also demonstrated that over the range in which the cathode's QE changes by an order of magnitude, the charge limit varies proportionally with the QE, while the laser pulse energy for the onset of charge limit remains unchanged [3,6].
The suppression of the later portion of the charge pulse in the charge limit region suggests that as a large number of electrons are excited from the valence band into the conduction band under intense light illumination, the escape probability of the excited electrons is decreased. This points to an increase in the surface work function. Such a work function increase is most likely caused by the so-called photovoltaic effect. As only a fraction of the electrons arriving at the surface successfully escape, there will be a large build-up of electrons at the surface under intense illumination. The electron discharge to a positively charged surface and reduces the work bending in the surface region. Consequently, the work function is effectively increased, leading to suppressed emission of later arriving electrons, and therefore, the observed charge limit effect. Herrera and Spicer have modeled the charge limit phenomenon based on the photovoltaic effect [7].
In order to better understand the properties of the charge limit phenomenon and its impact on the performance of the polarized electron source, as accelerators often require closely spaced (in time) charge pulses for their high energy physics experiments, it is important to examine the interpulse effect.
Figure 2 shows the effect of the first pulse on the charge in the second pulse as a function of time separation between them for the same cathode discussed previously. The first pulse is pumped by the 865 nm laser and the second one by the 775 nm laser, both being charge limited. The cathode had a QE of 0.79%. It is clearly seen that the presence of the first pulse has a strong negative effect on the charge in the second pulse. As the time separation increases, the peak current in the second charge pulse increases monotonically while its pulse shape remains unchanged. The time scale for the decay of the interpulse effect is on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds, but its form is not a simple exponential.
Further investigation into the interpulse effect yielded the following findings [6]. (i) The higher the energy of the first laser pulse is, the greater its effect on the second pulse. (ii) The longer the wavelength of the second laser pulse is (or the closer the excitation photon energy is to the band gap energy), the stronger the effect the first pulse has on the second one. (iii) The lower the charge limit is, the stronger the interpulse effect. (iv) The time constant that characterizes the decay of the interpulse effect depends critically on the doping density of the cathode. This last characteristic is demonstrated in Figure 3, in which the interpulse effects for two 300 nm strained GaAs cathodes with different Zn doping densities, $5 \times 10^{18}/\text{cm}^{-3}$ and $2 \times 10^{19}/\text{cm}^{-3}$, respectively, are shown. For the more highly doped sample, the
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